Fig. 4.

Four examples of ALAN found in remote places in the world. (A) island of Tahiti, a popular tourist destination in the Pacific Ocean, with most ALAN arising from the coastline because the island interior is mostly uninhabited (17.6509°S, 149.4260°W); (B) central island of Santa Cruz in the Galapagos archipelago, home to the Galapagos National Park, with the principal source of ALAN coming from the town of Puerto Ayora (0.6144°S, 90.3451°W); (C) remote volcanic archaeological site, Easter Island, with much of the island being protected as a world heritage site and the ALAN being produced by the main town, Hanga Roa (27.1127°S, 109.3497°W); and (D) small villages producing ALAN on the track of the Amazon river (bottom track) in South America and the Japura River (top track), while being surrounded by protected and conserved land (2°14′52.5″S 66°39′19.6″W). ALAN data from VIIRS 2019 composite.