TABLE 1.
Performance on the language and cognitive measures for the children with developmental language disorder (DLD) and typically developing (TD) controls, and Cohen’s d (standardized mean difference) between the groups.
| DLD | TD | ||
| Factors/Measures | (N = 117) | (N = 117) | Cohen’s d |
| Lexical Language | |||
| CREVT-R Receptive1 | |||
| M | 30.89 | 44.87 | 1.27 |
| SD | 9.43 | 12.39 | |
| CREVT-R Expressive2 | |||
| M | 8.83 | 15.03 | 1.44 |
| SD | 4.03 | 4.72 | |
| Sentential Language | |||
| CELF-4 Concepts and Follow Directions3 | |||
| M | 38.57 | 47.87 | 1.28 |
| SD | 8.77 | 5.43 | |
| CELF-4 Recalling Sent4 | |||
| M | 41.43 | 65.31 | 1.97 |
| SD | 11.24 | 12.97 | |
| Fluid Reasoning | |||
| Leiter Figure Ground5 | |||
| M | 21.10 | 23.11 | 0.53 |
| SD | 3.53 | 4.07 | |
| Leiter Sequential Order6 | |||
| M | 28.47 | 34.14 | 0.64 |
| SD | 9.78 | 7.92 | |
| Leiter Repeated Patterns7 | |||
| M | 19.68 | 21.95 | 0.56 |
| SD | 3.84 | 4.26 | |
| Controlled Attention | |||
| Sustained Attention8 | |||
| M (Pr × 100) | 76.21 | 81.45 | 0.31 |
| SD | 19.18 | 14.11 | |
| Attention Switching9 | |||
| M (percent correct) | 79.85 | 86.80 | 0.51 |
| SD | 14.79 | 11.86 | |
| Working Memory | |||
| Digit Recall10 | |||
| M (trials correct) | 8.70 | 11.08 | 0.93 |
| SD | 2.02 | 3.02 | |
| Non-word Repetition11 | |||
| M (percent phonemes correct) | 80.89 | 90.78 | 0.95 |
| SD | 13.42 | 6.16 | |
| Hi-Low12 | |||
| M (percent trials correct) | 54.55 | 72.05 | 0.90 |
| SD | 19.32 | 19.57 | |
| WJ-AWM13 | |||
| M (memory span) | 2.58 | 3.79 | 0.99 |
| SD | 1.19 | 1.26 | |
| Long-Term Memory – Language Knowledge | |||
| TNL McDonald’s Comprehension14 | |||
| M (raw score) | 9.54 | 11.86 | 1.01 |
| SD | 2.37 | 2.21 | |
| TNL McDonald’s Retell15 | |||
| M (raw score) | 9.97 | 16.36 | 1.28 |
| SD | 4.85 | 5.14 | |
1Comprehensive Expressive-Receptive Vocabulary Test-Revised: receptive subtest raw score.
2Comprehensive Expressive-Receptive Vocabulary Test-Revised: expressive subtest raw score.
3Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals-4th Ed: concepts and directions raw score.
4Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals-4th Ed: recalling sentences raw score.
5Leiter International Performance Scale-R: figure-ground subtest raw score.
6Leiter International Performance Scale-R: sequential order subtest raw score.
7Leiter International Performance Scale-R: repeated patterns subtest raw score.
8Sustained Attention: Pr discrimination index (Pr = Hits – False Alarms).
9Auditory Attention Switching: percent trials correct.
10Digit Recall: total number of lists recalled correctly.
11Non-word Repetition Task: percent phonemes correct.
12Hi-Low Task: percent trials correct.
13Auditory Working Memory subtest of the Woodcock-Johnson Cognitive Battery (3rd Ed): total raw score.
14Test of Narrative Language: total raw score on the McDonald’s Comprehension Subtest.
15Test of Narrative Language-Expressive: total raw score on the McDonald’s Retell subtest.