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. 2021 Sep 21;12:743991. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.743991

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Copyright © 2021 Buoso, Kenda, Masi, Linciano, Galbiati, Racchi, Dolenc and Corsini.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Proposed mechanisms of action of BPA, BPAF and BPS on RACK1 expression. Following the data, our model indicates that BPA and BPAF act through glucocorticoid receptor (GR), and G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER). BPS acts predominantly through androgen receptor (AR), although GPER involvement cannot be excluded (see text for details). AR, androgen receptor; BPA, bisphenol A; BPAF; bisphenol AF; BPS, bisphenol S; GPER, G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor; GR, glucocorticoid receptor; HRE, hormone response element; NF-κB, nuclear factor κB; RACK1, receptor for activated C kinase 1.