Table 1. Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study participants (n=522).
| Participants without headache (n=72) | Participants with headache (n=450) | Migraine (n=95) | PM (n=110) | TTH (n=194) | p * | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 36.8±7.8 | 36.3±7.3 | 35.6±7.6 | 36.7±7.8 | 36.4±6.7 | 0.441 |
| Sex, female | 10 (13.9) | 154 (34.2) | 49 (51.6) | 35 (31.8) | 50 (25.9) | 0.001 |
| Migraine vs. PM, p=0.021 | ||||||
| Migraine vs. TTH, p<0.001 | ||||||
| PM vs. TTH, p<0.001 | ||||||
| Administrators | 14 (19.4) | 104 (23.1) | 19 (20.0) | 23 (20.9) | 52 (26.9) | 0.314 |
| Permanent employees | 68 (94.4) | 418 (92.9) | 91 (95.8) | 96 (87.3) | 184 (95.3) | 0.014 |
| Migraine vs. PM, p=0.054 | ||||||
| Migraine vs. TTH, p=0.862 | ||||||
| PM vs. TTH, p=0.253 | ||||||
| Headache days per month | 0.7 [0.3–1.7] | 1.7 [0.7–3.3] | 1.0 [0.3–1.7] | 0.7 [0.3–1.0] | <0.001 | |
| Migraine vs. PM, p=0.001 | ||||||
| Migraine vs. TTH, p<0.001 | ||||||
| PM vs. TTH, p=0.001 | ||||||
| Severe headache days per month | 0.3 [0.0–1.7] | 1.0 [0.0–1.7] | 0.3 [1.0–1.7] | 0.0 [0.0–0.3] | <0.001 | |
| Migraine vs. PM, p<0.001 | ||||||
| Migraine vs. TTH, p<0.001 | ||||||
| PM vs. TTH, p<0.001 | ||||||
| Crystal-clear days per month | 28.0 [25.0–29.0] | 27.0 [20.0–29.0] | 28.0 [25.0–29.0] | 29.0 [25.0–29.0] | <0.001 | |
| Migraine vs. PM, p=0.209 | ||||||
| Migraine vs. TTH, p<0.001 | ||||||
| PM vs. TTH, p=0.010 | ||||||
| Moderate-to-severe headache intensity | 274 (60.9) | 90 (94.7) | 77 (70.0) | 70 (36.3) | <0.001 | |
| Migraine vs. PM, p<0.001 | ||||||
| Migraine vs. TTH, p<0.001 | ||||||
| PM vs. TTH, p<0.001 | ||||||
| Unilateral pain | 362 (80.4) | 77 (81.1) | 93 (84.5) | 150 (77.7) | 0.349 | |
| Pulsating quality | 294 (65.3) | 81 (85.3) | 83 (75.5) | 89 (46.1) | <0.001 | |
| Migraine vs. PM, p=0.048 | ||||||
| Migraine vs. TTH, p<0.001 | ||||||
| PM vs. TTH, p<0.001 | ||||||
| Nausea and/or vomiting | 124 (27.6) | 70 (73.7) | 50 (45.5) | 0 (0.0) | <0.001 | |
| Migraine vs. PM, p=0.109 | ||||||
| Migraine vs. TTH, p<0.001 | ||||||
| PM vs. TTH p<0.001 | ||||||
| Aggravation by movement | 176 (39.1) | 68 (71.6) | 64 (58.2) | 20 (10.4) | <0.001 | |
| Migraine vs. PM, p=0.098 | ||||||
| Migraine vs. TTH, p<0.001 | ||||||
| PM vs. TTH, p<0.001 | ||||||
| Photophobia or phonophobia | 109 (24.2) | 55 (57.9) | 48 (43.6) | 0 (0.0) | <0.001 | |
| Migraine vs. PM, p=0.459 | ||||||
| Migraine vs. TTH, p<0.001 | ||||||
| PM vs. TTH, p<0.001 | ||||||
| Chronic daily headache | 17 (3.8) | 9 (9.5) | 2 (1.8) | 5 (2.6) | 0.008 | |
| Migraine vs. PM, p=0.015 | ||||||
| Migraine vs. TTH, p=0.671 | ||||||
| PM vs. TTH, p=0.010 |
Data are mean±standard deviation, n (%), or median [interquartile range] values.
*Compared among participants with migraine, PM, and TTH.
PM: probable migraine, TTH: tension-type headache.