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Programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression is not predominantly derived from epithelial cells. A and B: Higher-magnification immunofluorescence, showing the distribution of keratin (green) expressing cells (A) and PD-L1 (orange) expressing cells (B). C: Few cells co-express both keratin and PD-L1, suggesting that epithelial cells are not the predominant contributors of PD-L1 expression. Scale bar = 20 μm (A–C).
