Table 1.
Participant demographic and clinical characteristics by study group at baseline (N=43).
| Participant characteristics | Virtual reality (n=15) | Active control (n=14) | Passive control (n=14) | Total (n=43) | |
| Age (years), mean (SD; range) | 81.7 (6.6; 72-93) | 85.9 (8.1; 71-95) | 87 (8.7; 73-103) | 84.8 (8.0; 71-103) | |
| Sex (female), n (%) | 10 (67) | 9 (64) | 9 (64) | 28 (65) | |
| Years of education, mean (SD) | 11.7 (3.1) | 10.7 (2.6) | 11.0 (4.6) | 11.2 (3.4) | |
| Marital status, n (%) | |||||
|
|
Married | 3 (20) | 2 (14) | 5 (36) | 10 (23) |
|
|
Divorced or widowed | 11 (73) | 11 (79) | 8 (57) | 30 (70) |
|
|
Single | 1 (7) | 1 (7) | 1 (7) | 3 (7) |
| Depression and anxiety medication, n (%) | 5 (33) | 3 (21) | 8 (57) | 16 (37) | |
| Primary diagnosis, n (%) | |||||
|
|
Memory-related, dementia, or Parkinson disease | 5 (33) | 3 (21) | 3 (21) | 11 (26) |
|
|
Heart disease | 8 (53) | 4 (29) | 8 (57) | 20 (47) |
|
|
Stroke | 2 (13) | 2 (14) | 2 (14) | 6 (14) |
|
|
Other | 0 (0) | 5 (36) | 1 (7) | 6 (14) |
| Outcome measures at baseline, mean (SD) | |||||
|
|
Apathy Evaluation Scale | 35.3 (8.7) | 41.8 (7.1) | 44.3 (9.5) | 40.3 (9.1) |
|
|
Geriatric Depression Scale | 4.1 (3.6) | 3.5 (2.5) | 4.4 (3.0) | 4.0 (3.0) |
|
|
ACE-IIIa | 72.9 (17.7) | 71.2 (13.7) | 72.2 (13.6) | 72.1 (14.9) |
|
|
QOL-ADb | 35.4 (5.8) | 36.1 (5.2) | 32.9 (6.0) | 34.8 (5.7) |
|
|
Three-Item Loneliness Scale | 4.5 (1.5) | 4.2 (1.4) | 5.0 (2.5) | 4.6 (1.9) |
aACE-III: Addenbrooke Cognitive Examination III.
bQOL-AD: Quality of Life in Alzheimer Disease.