Table 5.
Predictors for discharge status of COVID-19 hospitalization—multivariate logistic regression analysis (N = 236,126)
| Variables | Home discharge | Skilled nursing home discharge | Inpatient rehab discharge | Hospice discharge | Long-term care discharge | Death outcome | Other discharge | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds ratio (95% CI) |
P-value | Odds ratio (95% CI) |
P-value | Odds ratio (95% CI) |
P-value | Odds ratio (95% CI) |
P-value | Odds ratio (CI) |
P-value | Odds ratio (CI) |
P-value | Odds ratio (CI) |
P-value | |
| Sex | ||||||||||||||
| Male vs Female |
0.959 (0.939, 0.979) |
< 0.0001 |
0.867 (0.844, 0.891) |
< 0.0001 |
1.107 (1.064, 1.152) |
< 0.0001 |
0.864 (0.791, 0.944) |
0.0012 |
1.033 (0.958, 1.114) |
0.3968 |
1.223 (1.186, 1.261) |
< 0.0001 |
1.039 (1.015, 1.064) |
0.0012 |
| Age groups vs Age group 18–29 years | ||||||||||||||
| 30–39 years |
0.763 (0.674, 0.864) |
< 0.0001 |
2.554 (1.647, 3.960) |
< 0.0001 |
1.220 (0.957, 1.554) |
0.2934 |
1.695 (0.037, 77.768) |
1 |
1.053 (0.530, 2.092) |
1 |
1.653 (1.191, 2.295) |
< .0001 |
1.305 (1.134, 1.501) |
< 0.0001 |
| 40–49 years |
0.582 (0.518, 0.653) |
< 0.0001 |
5.268 (3.513, 7.902) |
< 0.0001 |
1.401 (1.118, 1.757) |
< 0.0001 |
18.312 (0.759, 441.88) |
0.1213 |
1.828 (0.998, 3.349) |
0.0519 |
2.446 (1.808, 3.309) |
< .0001 |
1.619 (1.420, 1.846) |
< 0.0001 |
| 50–59 years |
0.391 (0.350, 0.437) |
< 0.0001 |
10.460 (7.060, 15.498) |
< 0.0001 |
1.676 (1.351, 2.078) |
< 0.0001 |
30.932 (1.325, 722.19) |
0.0187 |
2.207 (1.229, 3.964) |
0.0007 |
3.746 (2.797, 5.016) |
< .0001 |
1.998 (1.762, 2.265) |
< 0.0001 |
| 60–69 years |
0.266 (0.238, 0.298) |
< 0.0001 |
13.704 (9.253, 20.297) |
< 0.0001 |
1.765 (1.420, 2.195) |
< 0.0001 |
73.001 (3.163, 1684.9) |
0.0005 |
2.679 (1.491, 4.813) |
< .0001 |
6.233 (4.658, 8.342) |
< .0001 |
2.365 (2.083, 2.685) |
< 0.0001 |
| 70–79 years |
0.156 (0.139, 0.175) |
< 0.0001 |
17.105 (11.531, 25.372) |
< 0.0001 |
1.793 (1.430, 2.249) |
< 0.0001 |
146.34 (6.332, 3382.0) |
< 0.0001 |
2.231 (1.228, 4.054) |
0.0008 |
11.681 (8.696, 15.691) |
< .0001 |
2.821 (2.473, 3.219) |
< 0.0001 |
| 80–89 years |
0.054 (0.048, 0.061) |
< 0.0001 |
25.550 (17.222, 37.905) |
< 0.0001 |
1.980 (1.575, 2.490) |
< 0.0001 |
361.20 (15.641, 8341.0) |
< 0.0001 |
2.011 (1.097, 3.684) |
0.0088 |
31.075 (23.104, 41.795) |
< .0001 |
2.813 (2.461, 3.216) |
< 0.0001 |
| ≥ 90 years |
0.024 (0.017, 0.032) |
< 0.0001 |
34.459 (22.235, 53.403) |
< 0.0001 |
2.259 (1.484, 3.439) |
< 0.0001 |
623.01 (26.351, 14,730) |
< 0.0001 |
2.187 (0.779, 6.138) |
0.4995 |
51.788 (36.028, 74.443) |
< .0001 |
2.739 (2.140, 3.506) |
< 0.0001 |
| Census region vs Midwest | ||||||||||||||
| Northeast |
0.688 (0.656, 0.722) |
< 0.0001 |
1.229 (1.161, 1.301) |
< 0.0001 |
0.930 (0.850, 1.017) |
0.1949 |
0.773 (0.619, 0.964) |
0.0127 |
0.383 (0.308, 0.476) |
< 0.0001 |
1.533 (1.433, 1.641) |
< 0.0001 |
1.092 (1.035, 1.152) |
< 0.0001 |
| South |
0.995 (0.958, 1.033) |
1 |
0.915 (0.872, 0.961) |
< 0.0001 |
1.106 (1.030, 1.187) |
0.001 |
1.238 (1.058, 1.450) |
0.002 |
1.033 (0.907, 1.176) |
1 |
0.998 (0.943, 1.056) |
1 |
1.002 (0.961, 1.045) |
1 |
| West |
1.032 (0.977, 1.091) |
0.7951 |
0.980 (0.911, 1.054) |
1 |
0.663 (0.592, 0.743) |
< 0.0001 |
1.479 (1.174, 1.863) |
< 0.0001 |
1.139 (0.942, 1.378) |
0.4247 |
1.245 (1.146, 1.351) |
< 0.0001 |
0.937 (0.880, 0.998) |
0.0372 |
| Urban/rural settings | ||||||||||||||
| Urban vs Rural |
0.871 (0.842, 0.901) |
< 0.0001 |
1.149 (1.098, 1.203) |
< 0.0001 |
0.811 (0.767, 0.858) |
< 0.0001 |
1.151 (0.997, 1.329) |
0.0555 |
1.648 (1.438, 1.889) |
< 0.0001 |
0.977 (0.930, 1.026) |
0.355 |
1.096 (1.056, 1.138) |
< 0.0001 |
| Race vs Asian | ||||||||||||||
| Black |
0.659 (0.600, 0.725) |
< 0.0001 |
1.763 (1.529, 2.034) |
< 0.0001 |
1.085 (0.897, 1.313) |
1 |
1.227 (0.775, 1.943) |
1 |
1.368 (0.924, 2.023) |
0.2099 |
0.980 (0.851, 1.129) |
1 |
1.089 (0.979, 1.210) |
0.2068 |
| Caucasian |
0.662 (0.604, 0.726) |
< 0.0001 |
1.847 (1.607, 2.123) |
< 0.0001 |
1.163 (0.967, 1.399) |
0.1866 |
1.318 (0.849, 2.046) |
0.5834 |
1.497 (1.023, 2.193) |
0.0313 |
1.106 (0.965, 1.267) |
0.3027 |
0.972 (0.877, 1.077) |
1 |
| Other |
0.776 (0.703, 0.857) |
< 0.0001 |
1.386 (1.193, 1.612) |
< 0.0001 |
1.235 (1.013, 1.505) |
0.0293 |
1.210 (0.742, 1.971) |
1 |
1.411 (0.941, 2.117) |
0.1503 |
0.982 (0.848, 1.137) |
1 |
1.031 (0.922, 1.152) |
1 |
| Ethnicity vs Hispanic | ||||||||||||||
| Not Hispanic |
0.680 (0.653, 0.707) |
< 0.0001 |
1.859 (1.747, 1.979) |
< 0.0001 |
1.391 (1.284, 1.507) |
< 0.0001 |
1.368 (1.130, 1.656) |
0.0003 |
1.263 (1.096, 1.455) |
0.0002 |
0.949 (0.895, 1.005) |
0.0892 |
1.079 (1.032, 1.128) |
0.0001 |
| Unknown |
0.703 (0.671, 0.737) |
< 0.0001 |
1.911 (1.783, 2.048) |
< 0.0001 |
1.503 (1.371, 1.648) |
< 0.0001 |
1.105 (0.877, 1.392) |
0.9095 |
1.154 (0.969, 1.375) |
0.1485 |
0.962 (0.899, 1.030) |
0.5321 |
0.980 (0.929, 1.034) |
1 |
| Payor vs commercial insurance | ||||||||||||||
| Medicaid |
0.551 (0.524, 0.579) |
< 0.0001 |
3.601 (3.269, 3.967) |
< 0.0001 |
1.324 (1.201, 1.461) |
< 0.0001 |
2.196 (1.471, 3.278) |
< 0.0001 |
0.831 (0.675, 1.022) |
0.1108 |
1.349 (1.234, 1.475) |
< 0.0001 |
1.336 (1.260, 1.416) |
< 0.0001 |
| Medicare |
0.368 (0.353, 0.384) |
< 0.0001 |
4.621 (4.246, 5.029) |
< 0.0001 |
1.298 (1.191, 1.414) |
< 0.0001 |
1.995 (1.446, 2.752) |
< 0.0001 |
1.377 (1.180, 1.608) |
< 0.0001 |
1.747 (1.625, 1.879) |
< 0.0001 |
1.384 (1.315, 1.457) |
< 0.0001 |
| Other |
0.855 (0.806, 0.907) |
< 0.0001 |
1.273 (1.108, 1.463) |
< 0.0001 |
0.890 (0.788, 1.005) |
0.0697 |
2.039 (1.347, 3.086) |
< 0.0001 |
0.568 (0.434, 0.743) |
< 0.0001 |
1.426 (1.289, 1.578) |
< 0.0001 |
1.107 (1.034, 1.185) |
0.0005 |
| Comorbidities with vs without | ||||||||||||||
| Asthma |
1.173 (1.133, 1.214) |
< 0.0001 |
0.763 (0.726, 0.802) |
< .0001 |
0.918 (0.856, 0.984) |
0.0153 |
0.693 (0.569, 0.846) |
0.0003 |
0.888 (0.779, 1.013) |
0.0762 |
0.805 (0.761, 0.851) |
< 0.0001 |
1.154 (1.112, 1.198) |
< 0.0001 |
| Autoimmune diseases |
0.862 (0.820, 0.906) |
< 0.0001 |
1.057 (0.995, 1.122) |
0.0731 |
1.002 (0.911, 1.101) |
0.9701 |
0.955 (0.774, 1.179) |
0.6709 |
0.994 (0.837, 1.181) |
0.9478 |
1.107 (1.031, 1.188) |
0.0049 |
1.107 (1.049, 1.167) |
0.0002 |
| COPD |
0.688 (0.668, 0.708) |
< 0.0001 |
1.296 (1.255, 1.338) |
< .0001 |
0.980 (0.929, 1.033) |
0.4500 |
1.093 (0.983, 1.216) |
0.101 |
1.080 (0.985, 1.184) |
0.1017 |
1.156 (1.113, 1.200) |
< 0.0001 |
1.064 (1.031, 1.097) |
< 0.0001 |
| Diabetes |
0.804 (0.786, 0.822) |
< 0.0001 |
1.187 (1.154, 1.220) |
< .0001 |
1.048 (1.006, 1.093) |
0.0257 |
0.955 (0.871, 1.047) |
0.3268 |
1.034 (0.957, 1.117) |
0.4000 |
1.106 (1.072, 1.142) |
< 0.0001 |
1.072 (1.047, 1.099) |
< 0.0001 |
| Hypertension |
0.821 (0.799, 0.843) |
< 0.0001 |
1.320 (1.268, 1.374) |
< .0001 |
1.042 (0.989, 1.098) |
0.1205 |
0.880 (0.779, 0.994) |
0.0396 |
1.184 (1.066, 1.316) |
0.0017 |
1.069 (1.025, 1.115) |
0.0019 |
1.146 (1.111, 1.183) |
< 0.0001 |
| Obesity |
1.010 (0.986, 1.034) |
0.4304 |
1.001 (0.970, 1.033) |
0.95 |
0.969 (0.927, 1.013) |
0.1686 |
0.703 (0.622, 0.795) |
< .0001 |
1.157 (1.068, 1.253) |
0.0004 |
0.975 (0.941, 1.010) |
0.1522 |
1.056 (1.028, 1.084) |
< 0.0001 |
| Levels of Care (ACTT OS) vs ACTT OS 3/4 | ||||||||||||||
| ACTT OS 5 |
0.846 (0.820, 0.873) |
< 0.0001 |
0.963 (0.924, 1.004) |
0.0953 |
0.970 (0.908, 1.035) |
1 |
1.001 (0.879, 1.141) |
1 |
1.984 (1.697, 2.320) |
< 0.0001 |
1.796 (1.698, 1.900) |
< 0.0001 |
0.997 (0.963, 1.034) |
1 |
| ACTT OS 6 |
0.383 (0.363, 0.404) |
< 0.0001 |
0.586 (0.543, 0.633) |
< 0.0001 |
0.961 (0.862, 1.071) |
1 |
0.997 (0.806, 1.235) |
1 |
4.792 (4.008, 5.729) |
< 0.0001 |
8.170 (7.647, 8.729) |
< 0.0001 |
1.040 (0.981, 1.102) |
0.4609 |
| ACTT OS 7 |
0.040 (0.037, 0.042) |
< 0.0001 |
0.485 (0.455, 0.517) |
< 0.0001 |
2.190 (2.042, 2.349) |
< 0.0001 |
0.378 (0.283, 0.506) |
< 0.0001 |
10.112 (8.799, 11.621) |
< 0.0001 |
54.098 (51.016, 57.367) |
< 0.0001 |
0.449 (0.422, 0.477) |
< 0.0001 |
| Teaching status vs Academic | ||||||||||||||
| Community |
0.965 (0.942, 0.989) |
0.0045 |
0.927 (0.898, 0.956) |
< 0.0001 |
1.046 (0.996, 1.098) |
0.0705 |
1.089 (0.983, 1.207) |
0.1041 |
0.969 (0.889, 1.055) |
0.4664 |
1.072 (1.035, 1.111) |
0.0001 |
1.049 (1.021, 1.078) |
0.0005 |
| Hospital size vs 0–99 beds | ||||||||||||||
| 100–299 beds |
1.185 (1.112, 1.263) |
< 0.0001 |
1.384 (1.262, 1.518) |
< 0.0001 |
0.441 (0.403, 0.482) |
< 0.0001 |
1.291 (0.974, 1.712) |
0.1018 |
0.906 (0.699, 1.174) |
1 |
1.485 (1.334, 1.653) |
< 0.0001 |
0.856 (0.800, 0.917) |
< 0.0001 |
| 300–499 beds |
1.320 (1.235, 1.411) |
< 0.0001 |
1.412 (1.283, 1.554) |
< 0.0001 |
0.289 (0.261, 0.319) |
< 0.0001 |
1.268 (0.944, 1.703) |
0.2017 |
1.019 (0.781, 1.329) |
1 |
1.649 (1.476, 1.843) |
< 0.0001 |
0.802 (0.746, 0.862) |
< 0.0001 |
| 500 + beds |
1.300 (1.213, 1.392) |
< 0.0001 |
1.394 (1.263, 1.538) |
< 0.0001 |
0.285 (0.257, 0.318) |
< 0.0001 |
1.317 (0.971, 1.787) |
0.1027 |
0.877 (0.666, 1.154) |
1 |
1.557 (1.389, 1.745) |
< 0.0001 |
0.885 (0.822, 0.954) |
< 0.0001 |
ACTT OS were estimated using the oxygen procedures received by patients during the hospitalization. ACTT OS 3/4: no supplemental oxygen; ACTT OS 5: supplemental oxygen; ACTT OS 6: non-invasive ventilation or high-flow oxygen; ACTT OS 7: ECMO using invasive mechanical ventilation. COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; ACTT OS, Adaptive COVID-19 Treatment Trial Ordinal Scale