Table 1.
Complete Case Baseline Characteristics of Adults with Sepsis Stratified by Peak Troponin I Levels
| Peak Troponin I Value during Sepsis |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | Normal, <0.04 ng/ml | Tertile 1, >0.04–0.09 ng/ml | Tertile 2, >0.09–0.42 ng/ml | Tertile 3, >0.42 ng/ml |
| Total, n (%) | n = 4,263 | n = 1,234 | n = 1,234 | n = 1,234 |
| Peak troponin, ng/ml, median (IQR) | 0.02 (0.01, 0.03) | 0.06 (0.05, 0.08) | 0.18 (0.13, 0.27) | 1.40 (0.73, 4.08) |
| Time to peak troponin, d, median (IQR) | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 1) | 0 (0, 1) | 1 (0, 1) |
| Age, median (IQR) | 73 (63, 82) | 75 (64, 84) | 74 (64, 84) | 73 (64, 83) |
| BMI, median (IQR) | 27 (23, 32) | 27 (23, 32) | 27 (23, 32) | 27 (23, 33) |
| Male, n (%) | 2133 (50) | 592 (48) | 601 (49) | 529 (43) |
| Race and ethnicity, categories defined by database, n (%) | ||||
| White | 2,585 (61) | 737 (60) | 745 (60) | 771 (63) |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 606 (14) | 193 (16) | 204 (17) | 215 (17) |
| Hispanic | 616 (14) | 150 (12) | 151 (12) | 128 (10) |
| Black | 400 (9) | 140 (11) | 117 (10) | 102 (8) |
| Native American | 44 (1) | 12 (1) | 15 (1) | 12 (1) |
| Other | 12 (<1) | 2 (<1) | 2 (<1) | 6 (<1) |
| Presepsis variables | ||||
| Medical comorbidities, n (%) | ||||
| Diabetes mellitus | 1,583 (37) | 426 (35) | 423 (34) | 465 (38) |
| Diabetes mellitus with chronic complications | 1,134 (27) | 325 (26) | 320 (26) | 375 (30) |
| Renal disease | 1,469 (35) | 446 (36) | 428 (35) | 462 (37) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 1,448 (34) | 459 (37) | 426 (35) | 413 (33) |
| Proteinuria within the prior year | 471 (11) | 149 (12) | 145 (12) | 126 (10) |
| Chronic dialysis | 45 (1) | 19 (2) | 17 (1) | 19 (2) |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 1,485 (35) | 397 (32) | 368 (30) | 413 (33) |
| Mild liver disease | 219 (5) | 49 (4) | 41 (3) | 42 (3) |
| Moderate or severe liver disease | 145 (3) | 40 (3) | 27 (2) | 22 (2) |
| Malignancy, including leukemia or lymphoma | 942 (22) | 241 (20) | 222 (18) | 187 (15) |
| Metastatic solid tumor | 412 (10) | 93 (7) | 91 (7) | 60 (5) |
| Dementia | 191 (5) | 69 (6) | 63 (5) | 48 (4) |
| Hemiplegia or paraplegia | 82 (2) | 23 (2) | 24 (2) | 20 (2) |
| Peptic ulcer disease | 168 (4) | 46 (4) | 57 (5) | 34 (3) |
| Rheumatologic disease | 209 (5) | 54 (4) | 73 (6) | 51 (4) |
| AIDS | 22 (<1) | 10 (<1) | 4 (<1) | 2 (<1) |
| Organ transplant | 25 (<1) | 9 (<1) | 13 (1) | 6 (<1) |
| Charlson comorbidity within prior 5 yr, median (IQR) | 3 (1, 5) | 3 (1, 5) | 2 (1, 4) | 3 (1, 4) |
| Smoking history | 1,974 (46) | 564 (46) | 587 (48) | 583 (47) |
| ASCVD 10-yr risk, mean (SD) | 0.24 (0.21) | 0.26 (0.22) | 0.26 (0.22) | 0.27 (0.23) |
| Preadmission medications, n (%) | ||||
| Antihypertensive | 2,987 (70) | 862 (70) | 835 (68) | 858 (70) |
| Statin | 1,705 (40) | 490 (40) | 484 (39) | 533 (43) |
| Aspirin | 87 (2) | 15 (1) | 19 (2) | 35 (3) |
| Antiplatelet (nonaspirin) | 72 (2) | 14 (1) | 12 (1) | 24 (2) |
| Intrasepsis variables | ||||
| Maximum LAPS2 score, median (IQR) | 104 (82, 128) | 114 (92, 139) | 120 (93, 147) | 130 (102, 157) |
| Maximum SOFA score, median (IQR) | 3 (2, 5) | 4 (3, 6) | 4 (3, 6) | 5 (3, 8) |
| Lowest oxygen saturation, median (IQR) | 91 (87, 94) | 90 (86, 93) | 90 (85, 93) | 88 (82, 92) |
| Noninvasive ventilation, n (%) | 867 (20) | 299 (24) | 356 (29) | 457 (37) |
| Total days of noninvasive ventilation, median (IQR) | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 0) |
| Mechanical ventilation, n (%) | 463 (11) | 169 (14) | 286 (23) | 501 (41) |
| Total days of invasive mechanical ventilation, median (IQR) | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 1) |
| Intrasepsis atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 836 (20) | 424 (34) | 444 (36) | 460 (37) |
| Blood products received, n (%) | 969 (23) | 311 (25) | 294 (24) | 376 (30) |
| Total net intake and output (ml), median (IQR) | 1,605 (−677, 4,126) | 1,473 (−1,089, 4,350) | 1,170 (−1,739, 3,776) | 490 (−2,534, 3,422) |
| Infection site, n (%) | ||||
| Postoperative, central nervous system, device or endovascular | 236 (6) | 75 (6) | 80 (6) | 91 (7) |
| Gastrointestinal tract | 1,146 (27) | 283 (23) | 309 (25) | 272 (22) |
| Genitourinary tract | 1,343 (32) | 423 (34) | 443 (36) | 412 (33) |
| Respiratory tract | 1,584 (37) | 518 (42) | 492 (40) | 510 (41) |
| Skin infection | 350 (8) | 99 (8) | 104 (8) | 85 (7) |
| Infection type, n (%) | ||||
| Gram-negative bacteria | 454 (11) | 135 (11) | 153 (12) | 153 (12) |
| Gram-positive bacteria | 128 (3) | 47 (4) | 51 (4) | 55 (4) |
| Viral infection | 416 (10) | 103 (8) | 103 (8) | 105 (9) |
| Tuberculous or fungal infection | 196 (5) | 50 (4) | 45 (4) | 38 (3) |
| Culture negative | 2,945 (69) | 911 (74) | 929 (75) | 889 (72) |
| Laboratory values during sepsis, median (IQR) | ||||
| Highest WBC count, K/μl | 14.0 (9.9, 19.1) | 15.2 (10.9, 20.3) | 15.5 (11.4, 20.8) | 16.2 (12.3, 21.9) |
| Highest band count, K/μl | 0 (0, 10) | 0 (0, 11) | 1 (0, 15) | 1 (0, 14) |
| Lowest platelet count, K/μl | 154 (108, 212) | 151 (107, 201) | 146 (102, 196) | 141 (101, 192) |
| Highest creatinine, mg/dl | 1.26 (0.91, 1.90) | 1.45 (1.00, 2.33) | 1.47 (1.08, 2.19) | 1.49 (1.05, 2.31) |
| Highest glucose, mg/dl | 154 (124, 210) | 157 (128, 216) | 162 (130, 220) | 179 (140, 254) |
| Highest ALT, U/L | 35 (24, 62) | 37 (24, 65) | 39 (26, 70) | 41 (26, 80) |
| Highest total bilirubin, mg/dl | 0.9 (0.5, 1.6) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.5) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.5) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.2) |
| Highest lactic acid, mmol/L | 1.9 (1.3, 3.0) | 2.1 (1.4, 3.4) | 2.3 (1.5, 3.7) | 2.7 (1.7, 4.7) |
| Vasopressor or inotrope received during sepsis, n (%) | ||||
| Norepinephrine | 454 (11) | 183 (15) | 263 (21) | 419 (34) |
| Epinephrine | 5 (<1) | 3 (<1) | 9 (<1) | 29 (2) |
| Phenylephrine | 50 (1) | 20 (2) | 38 (3) | 97 (8) |
| Dopamine | 61 (1) | 32 (3) | 41 (3) | 127 (10) |
| Dobutamine | 61 (1) | 32 (3) | 41 (3) | 127 (10) |
| Milrinone | 2 (<1) | 0 (0) | 12 (<1) | 29 (2) |
| Season, n (%) | ||||
| Fall | 829 (19) | 256 (22) | 296 (24) | 254 (21) |
| Summer | 1,052 (25) | 280 (23) | 277 (22) | 307 (25) |
| Spring | 1,174 (28) | 330 (27) | 317 (26) | 325 (26) |
| Winter | 1,208 (28) | 368 (30) | 344 (28) | 348 (28) |
Definition of abbreviations: ALT = alanine aminotransferase; ASCVD = atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; BMI = body mass index; IQR = interquartile range; LAPS2 = Laboratory and Acute Physiology Score version 2; SOFA = Sequential Organ Failure Assessment; WBC = white blood cell count.
Covariate missingness (% missing): BMI (1.8% missing), total net intake and output (0.3% missing), ALT (26% missing), total bilirubin (29% missing), lactic acid (19% missing).