Table 5.
Use of health services and out-of-pocket (OOP) spending—regression model including district health needs index and access to services, personal insurance status and household wealth
| Inpatient services | Outpatient services | |||||||
| Used inpatient services last year | Annual US$ per capita OOP, inpatient services | Used outpatient services last month, of those reporting symptoms | Monthly US$ per capita OOP, outpatient services | |||||
| OR | 95% CI | Coefficient | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | Coefficient | 95% CI | |
| Constant (average for reference category) | 0.252 | 0.02 to 0.03 | 11.03 | 9.30 to 12.75 | 0.878 | 0.85 to 0.91 | 0.30 | 0.26 to 0.32 |
| District Health Index, in quartiles | ||||||||
| Highest health status | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| second best health | 1.018 | 0.98 to 1.05 | −4.37 | −5.97 to −2.77 | 1.000 | 0.97 to 1.03 | −0.06 | −0.09 to −0.03 |
| Middle health status | 0.929 | 0.89 to 0.97 | −6.94 | −9.02 to −4.85 | 1.038 | 1.01 to 1.07 | −0.05 | −0.08 to −0.01 |
| second worst health | 0.900 | 0.86 to 0.94 | −10.96 | −12.60 to −9.31 | 0.962 | 0.93 to 0.99 | −0.11 | −0.14 to −0.08 |
| Lowest health status | 0.806 | 0.76 to 0.85 | −9.89 | −11.95 to −7.82 | 0.854 | 0.82 to 0.88 | −0.10 | −0.13 to −0.07 |
| Individual is insured | ||||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Yes | 2.320 | 2.25 to 2.39 | −0.06 | −1.22 to 1.11 | 1.249 | 1.22 to 1.27 | 0.04 | 0.02 to 0.05 |
| % of villages in district with no easy access to health services* | ||||||||
| All villages have access | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||
| up to 5% without access | 1.181 | 1.14 to 1.22 | 4.04 | 2.34 to 5.74 | 0.885 | 0.86 to 0.91 | −0.06 | −0.08 to −0.04 |
| >5% to 20% without access | 1.039 | 0.99 to 1.08 | −1.11 | −2.89 to 0.67 | 0.840 | 0.81 to 0.86 | −0.12 | −0.15 to −0.09) |
| >20% to 50% without access | 0.894 | 0.85 to 0.94 | −5.80 | −7.63 to −3.97 | 0.793 | 0.76 to 0.82 | −0.15 | −0.17 to −0.12 |
| >50% have no access | 0.616 | 0.57 to 0.66 | −10.22 | −12.30 to −8.13 | 0.945 | 0.87 to 1.03 | −0.30 | −0.32 to −0.27 |
| Non-health household spending, in quintiles | ||||||||
| Lowest consumption (poorest) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| second lowest consumption | 0.955 | 0.91 to 0.99 | 4.37 | 3.51 to 5.23 | 1.007 | 0.97 to 1.04 | 0.03 | 0.02 to 0.05 |
| Middle quintile | 1.006 | 0.96 to 1.05 | 9.56 | 8.72 to 10.39 | 1.009 | 0.98 to 1.04 | 0.11 | 0.09 to 0.13 |
| second highest consumption | 1.044 | 0.99 to 1.09 | 18.04 | 16.80 to 19.23 | 1.002 | 0.97 to 1.03 | 0.18 | 0.16 to 0.20 |
| Highest consumption (richest) | 1.142 | 1.09 to 1.19 | 45.71 | 43.69 to 47.72 | 1.041 | 1.01 to 1.07 | 0.54 | 0.50 to 0.58 |
*For inpatient analyses, this is restricted to hospitals or health centres with inpatient access only, for outpatient it includes access to any formal health service.