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. 2021 Sep 21;12:732344. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2021.732344

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Copyright © 2021 Holmes, Lung, Collyer and Punja.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Range of microbial contaminants emerging from surface-sterilized nodal stem explants at various times after placement on MM containing activated charcoal. (A) Early emergence of Penicillium species. (B) Large colony of Penicillium growing from a nodal explant. (C) Colony of Chaetomium emerging from a nodal explant. (D) Large colony of Penicillium growing out of a nodal stem explant. (E) Extensive Bacillus growth emerging from a nodal stem explant. (F) Growth of Pseudomonas from a stem explant. (G–I) Death of established shoots from nodal stem segments due to contamination by microbes appearing later during plantlet growth.