Fig. 1.

A simplified summary of certain major molecular drivers of Werner syndrome (WS) and roles of NAD⁺ augmentation in ameliorating the drivers of WS pathology. Here we focus on how DNA damage, telomere attrition, cellular senescence, and metabolic dysfunction contribute to WS (red arrows). We also summarize mechanistic possibilities how NAD⁺ and p38 inhibitors may alleviate (green). See text for details and references.