Table 1.

Fibrotic diseases in which endostatin may have an effect.

Fibrotic diseases	Target cell	Possible role in diseases	References
Liver fibrosis	Hepatic stellate cells	RhoA/ROCK1 signal pathways; inhibiting the expression of α-SMA, collagen-1, and TGF-β1	(Chen et al., 2014; Ren et al. 2019)
Pulmonary fibrosis	Alveolar type II cells	Reducing the levels of TNF-α and TGF-β1; decreasing alveolar type II cell apoptosis	(Nishimoto et al. 2015; Richter et al., 2009)
Systemic sclerosis	Fibroblasts	Reducing levels of Egr-1, LOX	(Yamaguchi et al. 2012)
Hypertrophic scar	Skin fibroblasts/hypertrophic scar fibroblasts (HSFs)	PDGFRβ/ERK pathway; inhibiting HSFs proliferation and inducing its apoptosis	(Gong et al. 2016; Gong et al. 2017; Li & Ren 2017)
Arthritis	Synovial fibroblasts	Downregulating the level of cyclin-D1 and PCNA; inhibiting the NF-κB and MAPKs signaling pathways	(Chen et al. 2016; Huang et al. 2008; Huang et al. 2014)
Myocardial remodeling	Myofibroblasts	Stimulating proliferation and migration of myofibroblasts	(Isobe et al., 2010; Sugiyama et al., 2018)

ROCK1: Rho-associated kinase 1; α-SMA: α-smooth muscle actin; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor α; TGF-β1: transforming growth factor β1; Egr-1: early growth response-1; LOX: lysyl oxidase; PDGFRβ: platelet-derived growth factor receptor β; ERK: extracellular signal-regulated kinase; PCNA: proliferating cell nuclear antigen; NF-κB: nuclear factor-κB; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase.