Table 2.

Outcomes of subgroup analyze.

LC vs. others
Outcomes	No. of studies	RR (95%CI) or WMD (95%CI)	P A	Heterogeneity test
				p	I2 (%)
Phosphorus control
Age
≥60 years	3	1.87 (1.41, 2.47)	<0.001	0.658	0.0
<60 years	5	4.24 (2.89, 6.22)	<0.001	0.856	0.0
Area
Asian	2	3.51 (1.96, 6.28)	<0.001	0.073	61.9
Western	6	1.94 (1.41, 2.66)	<0.001	0.476	0.0
Sample size
≥100	3	3.09 (1.90, 5.04)	<0.001	0.149	47.5
<100	5	2.39 (1.47, 3.91)	<0.001	0.143	41.7
Serum phosphate
Age
≥60 years	3	–1.08 (–1.61, −0.55)	<0.001	0.007	79.7
<60 years	4	–1.74 (–2.06, −1.41)	<0.001	0.545	0.0
Area
Asian	4	–1.31 (–1.90, −0.72)	<0.001	<0.001	87.9
Western	3	–1.68 (–2.14, −1.23)	<0.001	0.535	0.0
Sample size
≥100	2	–1.32 (–2.04, −0.59)	<0.001	0.021	81.1
<100	5	–1.57 (–2.28, −0.86)	<0.001	<0.001	85.0
C × P
Age
≥60 years	3	–6.98 (–13.01, −0.96)	0.023	0.005	80.8
<60 years	1	–13.50 (–20.07, −6.93)	<0.001	––	––
Area
Asian	2	–4.34 (–9.94, 1.26)	0.129	0.037	77.0
Western	2	–13.84 (–18.57, −9.10)	<0.001	0.885	0.0
Sample size
≥100	1	–1.32 (–2.04, −0.59)	<0.001	––	––
<100	3	–9.36 (–18.53, −0.19)	0.045	0.001	86.3
Calcium
Age
≥60 years	3	0.15 (0.00, 0.30)	0.043	0.352	4.2
<60 years	1	–0.24 (–1.09, 0.61)	0.579	––	––
Area
Asian	1	0.08 (–0.26, 0.42)	0.648	––	––
Western	3	0.16 (–0.05, 0.38)	0.132	0.254	27.0
Sample size
≥100	1	0.10 (–0.08, 0.28)	0.285	––	––
<100	3	0.19 (–0.07, 0.44)	0.152	0.297	17.6
iPTH
Age
≥60 years	4	–99.20 (–225.03, 26.64)	0.122	<0.001	91.3
<60 years	2	–88.74 (–163.22, −14.27)	0.020	0.328	0.0
Area
Asian	3	–135.44 (–328.85, 57.97)	0.170	<0.001	90.5
Western	3	–39.00 (–70.10, −7.90)	0.014	0.408	0.0
Sample size
≥100	3	–40.82 (–108.55, 26.90)	0.237	0.114	0.539
<100	3	–148.12 (–319.06, 22.82)	0.089	<0.001	89.3
ALP
Area
Asian	3	–2.63 (–25.75, 20.49)	0.824	<0.001	90.5
Western	1	7.8 (–31.73, 47.33)	0.699	0.408	0.0
TRAEs
Age
≥60 years	2	1.21 (0.72, 2.05)	0.466	0.814	0.0
<60 years	4	1.49 (0.83, 2.68)	0.182	0.311	14.5
Area
Asian	3	1.47 (0.96, 2.24)	0.073	0.400	0.0
Western	3	1.04 (0.52, 2.09)	0.910	0.713	0.0
Sample size
≥100	4	1.39 (0.96, 2.02)	0.085	0.540	0.0
<100	2	0.84 (0.22, 3.22)	0.797	––	––
DtAEs
Age
≥60 years	4	0.59 (0.26, 1.30)	0.188	0.442	0.0
<60 years	3	0.37 (0.04, 3.32)	0.372	0.993	0.0
Area
Asian	3	0.64 (0.24, 1.72)	0.378	0.337	0.0
Western	4	0.45 (0.14, 1.44)	0.179	0.634	0.0
Sample size
≥100	2	0.45 (0.19, 1.07)	0.071	0.461	0.0
<100	5	0.99 (0.24, 4.18)	0.994	0.700	0.0
Nausea
Age
≥60 years	3	1.64 (0.54, 4.99)	0.382	0.230	32.0
<60 years	4	2.11 (0.34, 13.09)	0.423	0.050	61.7
Area
Asian	3	9.74 (2.36, 40.13)	0.002	0.882	0.0
Western	4	0.78 (0.41, 1.48)	0.449	0.853	0.0
Sample size
≥100	5	2.32 (0.69, 7.79)	0.173	0.032	62.2
<100	2	0.97 (0.21, 4.42)	0.966	0.477	0.0
Vomiting
Age
≥60 years	3	3.06 (1.06, 8.84)	0.039	0.965	0.0
<60 years	5	2.12 (0.53, 8.50)	0.290	0.077	52.6
Area
Asian	4	4.62 (1.61, 13.26)	0.004	0.633	0.0
Western	4	0.88 (0.41, 1.81)	0.696	0.411	0.0
Sample size
≥100	5	2.78 (0.74, 10.41)	0.130	0.030	62.6
<100	3	1.91 (0.48, 7.58)	0.357	0.881	0.0
Diarrhea
Age
≥60 years	2	0.40 (0.14, 1.16)	0.092	0.589	0.0
<60 years	3	0.28 (0.13, 0.62)	0.002	0.818	0.0
Area
Asian	2	0.37 (0.11, 1.18)	0.092	0.688	0.0
Western	3	0.30 (0.14, 0.64)	0.002	0.696	0.0
Sample size
≥100	3	0.29 (0.14, 0.58)	0.000	0.817	0.0
<100	2	1.91 (0.48, 7.58)	0.403	0.792	0.0
Constipation
Age
≥60 years	1	2.98 (0.90, 9.91)	0.074	––	––
<60 years	3	0.86 (0.20, 3.76)	0.838	0.807	0.0
Area
Asian	3	1.95 (0.72, 5.29)	0.188	0.383	0.0
Western	1	1.10 (0.08, 15.36)	0.944	––	––
Sample size
≥100	3	1.95 (0.72, 5.29)	0.188	0.383	0.0
<100	1	1.10 (0.08, 15.36)	0.944	––	––
GIAE
Age
≥60 years	1	2.79 (0.12, 65.66)	0.524	––	––
<60 years	3	1.57 (0.74, 3.30)	0.237	0.303	16.2
Area
Asian	2	2.73 (1.10, 6.77)	0.030	0.988	0.0
Western	2	0.96 (0.37, 2.49)	0.933	0.780	0.0
Sample size
≥100	1	2.72 (1.05, 7.03)	0.039	––	––
<100	3	1.05 (0.42, 2.62)	0.918	0.786	0.0

LC vs. calcium
Outcomes	No. of studies	RR (95%CI) or WMD (95%CI)	P A	Heterogeneity test
				p	I2 (%)
Serum phosphate
Age
≥60 years	1	0.00 (–0.69, 0.69)	1	––	––
<60 years	6	–0.14 (–0.48, 0.21)	0.437	<0.001	80.4
Area
Asian	6	–0.12 (–0.46, 0.22)	0.495	<0.001	80.8
Western	1	–0.13 (–0.93, 0.67)	0.750	––	––
Sample size
≥100	0	––	––	––	––
<100	7	–0.13 (–0.44, 0.19)	0.435	<0.001	77.1
C × P
Age
≥60 years	1	–1.50 (–7.88, 4.88)	0.645	––	––
<60 years	5	–2.24 (–6.26, 1.77)	0.274	<0.001	85.4
Area
Asian	4	–1.73 (–7.52, 4.06)	0.559	0.002	80.2
Western	2	–2.19 (–4.23, −0.16)	0.035	0.889	0.0
Sample size
≥100	1	–2.23 (–4.33, −0.13)	0.037	––	––
<100	5	–1.80 (–6.78, 3.19)	0.480	0.002	75.7
Calcium
Age
≥60 years	0	––	––	––	––
<60 years	7	–0.44 (–0.73, −0.15)	0.003	<0.001	83.9
Area
Asian	6	–0.42 (–0.74, −0.11)	0.009	<0.001	86.6
Western	1	–0.60 (–1.28, 0.08)	0.082	––	––
Sample size
≥100	1	0.21 (–0.11, 0.53)	0.193	––	––
<100	6	–0.64 (–0.81, −0.48)	<0.001	0.147	38.9
iPTH
Age
≥60 years	1	38.20 (–68.82, 145.22)	0.484	––	––
<60 years	5	49.69 (–17.20, 116.58)	0.145	<0.001	93.9
Area
Asian	5	48.46 (–31.99, 128.92)	0.238	<0.001	93.7
Western	1	52.00 (15.55, 88.45)	0.005	––	––
Sample size
≥100	5	52.00 (15.55, 88.45)	0.005	––	––
<100	1	48.46 (–31.99, 128.92)	0.238	<0.001	93.7
DtAEs
Area
Asian	6	1.60 (0.38, 6.76)	0.521	0.222	31.8
Western	1	7.30 (0.40, 133.75)	0.180	––	––
Sample size
≥100	1	0.70 (0.20, 2.42)	0.571	––	––
<100	6	4.32 (0.96, 19.39)	0.056	0.504	0.0
Mortality
Age
≥60 years	2	1.08 (0.88, 1.33)	0.447	0.991	0
<60 years	2	0.44 (0.27, 2.87)	0.394	0.820	0
Area
Asian	2	1.08 (0.88, 1.33)	0.447	0.991	0
Western	2	0.44 (0.27, 2.87)	0.394	0.820	0
Sample size
≥100	2	1.08 (0.88, 1.33)	0.447	0.991	0
<100	2	0.44 (0.27, 2.87)	0.394	0.820	0
Constipation
Area
Asian	2	0.77 (0.31, 1.91)	0.566	0.946	0.0
Western	2	0.92 (0.53, 1.60)	0.772	0.440	0.0
Sample size
≥100	2	0.86 (0.52, 1.41)	0.547	0.790	0.0
<100	2	1.05 (0.26, 4.32)	0.943	0.448	0.0
Hypercalcemia
Age
≥60 years	1	0.20 (0.01, 3.97)	0.291	––	––
<60 years	3	0.07 (0.01, 0.38)	0.002	0.017	75.6
Area
Asian	2	0.19 (0.09, 0.40)	0.000	0.937	0.0
Western	2	0.02 (0.01, 0.09)	0.000	0.370	0.0
Sample size
≥100	2	0.06 (0.01, 0.62)	0.018	0.004	87.7
<100	2	0.12 (0.02, 0.91)	0.041	0.646	0.0

P_A: p-value for test of the association.