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. 2021 Jun 11;31(11):4986–5005. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhab136

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Attentional modulation of multilevel speech representations. (a) “Model-specific attention indices.” A model-specific attention index () was computed based on the difference in model prediction scores when the stories were attended versus unattended (see Materials and Methods). is in the range of [−1,1], where a positive index indicates modulation in favor of the attended stimulus and a negative index indicates modulation in favor of the unattended stimulus. For each ROI in perisylvian cortex, spectral, articulatory, and semantic attention indices are given (mean ± SEM across subjects), and their sum yields the overall modulation (see Supplementary Fig. 7 for nonperisylvian ROIs). Significantly positive indices are marked with * (P < 0.05, bootstrap test; see Supplementary Fig. 8a–e for attention indices of individual subjects). ROIs in the LH and RH are shown in top and bottom panels, respectively. These results show that selectivity modulations distribute broadly across cortex at the linguistic level (articulatory and semantic). (b) “Attentional modulation profiles.” Modulation profiles averaged across subjects are displayed on the flattened cortical surface of a representative subject (S4). Significantly positive articulatory, semantic, and spectral attention indices are projected onto the red, green and blue channels of the colormap (see Materials and Methods). A progression in the level of speech representations dominantly modulated is apparent from HG/HS to MTG across bilateral temporal cortex (see Supplementary Fig. 9 for modulation profiles of individual subjects). Articulatory modulation is dominant in one end of the dorsal stream (left PreG), whereas semantic modulation becomes dominant in both ends of the ventral stream (bilateral PTR and MTG) (P < 0.05; see Supplementary Figs. 8a–e and 9). On the other hand, semantic modulation is dominant in most of the higher-order regions in the parietal and frontal cortices consistently in all subjects (bilateral AG, SPS, PrC, PCC, POS, SFG, SFS, and PTR; left MFG; and right IPS) (P < 0.05; see Supplementary Fig. 8a–e).

Inline graphic — Attentional modulation of multilevel speech representations. (a) “Model-specific attention indices.” A model-specific attention index () was computed based on the difference in model prediction scores when the stories were attended versus unattended (see Materials and Methods). is in the range of [−1,1], where a positive index indicates modulation in favor of the attended stimulus and a negative index indicates modulation in favor of the unattended stimulus. For each ROI in perisylvian cortex, spectral, articulatory, and semantic attention indices are given (mean ± SEM across subjects), and their sum yields the overall modulation (see Supplementary Fig. 7 for nonperisylvian ROIs). Significantly positive indices are marked with * (P < 0.05, bootstrap test; see Supplementary Fig. 8a–e for attention indices of individual subjects). ROIs in the LH and RH are shown in top and bottom panels, respectively. These results show that selectivity modulations distribute broadly across cortex at the linguistic level (articulatory and semantic). (b) “Attentional modulation profiles.” Modulation profiles averaged across subjects are displayed on the flattened cortical surface of a representative subject (S4). Significantly positive articulatory, semantic, and spectral attention indices are projected onto the red, green and blue channels of the colormap (see Materials and Methods). A progression in the level of speech representations dominantly modulated is apparent from HG/HS to MTG across bilateral temporal cortex (see Supplementary Fig. 9 for modulation profiles of individual subjects). Articulatory modulation is dominant in one end of the dorsal stream (left PreG), whereas semantic modulation becomes dominant in both ends of the ventral stream (bilateral PTR and MTG) (P < 0.05; see Supplementary Figs. 8a–e and 9). On the other hand, semantic modulation is dominant in most of the higher-order regions in the parietal and frontal cortices consistently in all subjects (bilateral AG, SPS, PrC, PCC, POS, SFG, SFS, and PTR; left MFG; and right IPS) (P < 0.05; see Supplementary Fig. 8a–e).