Table 2. Age groups based analyses regarding associations of demo-socio-economic characters and comorbidities with all-cause 30-day mortality by Cox proportional hazards regressions.
| Risk factor | Hazard ratio (95% CI) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age < = 49 years | Age 50–59 years | Age 60–69 years | Age 70–79 years | Age 80+ years | |
| Total (%) | 104,716 (62.5) | 25,960 (15.5) | 16,044 (9.6) | 8,802 (5.3) | 11,978 (7.2) |
| Age (every 1-year increases) | 1.09 (1.05, 1.14) *** | 1.13 (1.06, 1.20) *** | 1.07 (1.03, 1.12) *** | 1.07 (1.05, 1.09) *** | 1.05 (1.05, 1.05) *** |
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 2.80 (1.56, 5.04) *** | 1.72 (1.23, 2.39) *** | 1.39 (1.14, 1.69) *** | 1.73 (1.51, 1.99) *** | 1.77 (1.63, 1.91) *** |
| Female | reference | reference | reference | reference | reference |
| Income quantile | |||||
| 1 (lowest) | reference | reference | reference | reference | reference |
| 2 | 0.91 (0.45, 1.85) | 0.77 (0.50, 1.19) | 0.84 (0.65, 1.09) | 0.89 (0.74, 1.06) | 1.06 (0.96, 1.17) |
| 3 | 0.86 (0.42, 1.78) | 0.76 (0.48, 1.22) | 0.76 (0.58, 1.00) | 0.86 (0.71, 1.05) | 1.06 (0.96, 1.17) |
| 4 | 0.67 (0.29, 1.56) | 0.79 (0.48, 1.28) | 0.64 (0.47, 0.88) ** | 0.80 (0.65, 1.00) | 0.96 (0.85, 1.08) |
| 5 (highest) | 0.30 (0.09, 1.04) | 0.57 (0.31, 1.05) | 0.57 (0.39, 0.83) *** | 0.80 (0.63, 1.02) | 0.97 (0.86, 1.09) |
| Rural | |||||
| No | reference | reference | reference | reference | reference |
| Yes | 1.17 (0.28, 4.91) | 0.78 (0.29, 2.12) | 1.21 (0.73, 2.01) | 0.82 (0.56, 1.19) | 1.06 (0.87, 1.29) |
| LTC resident | |||||
| No | reference | reference | reference | reference | reference |
| Yes | 10.80 (1.82, 64.30) ** | 4.71 (2.47, 9.00) *** | 3.60 (2.63, 4.92) *** | 1.97 (1.65, 2.35) *** | 1.49 (1.38, 1.61) *** |
| Any comorbidities | |||||
| No | reference | reference | reference | reference | reference |
| Yes | 3.00 (1.67, 5.41) *** | 2.39 (1.43, 3.97) *** | 2.23 (1.50, 3.29) *** | 1.86 (1.21, 2.86) *** | 1.13 (0.79, 1.60) |
| Number of comorbidities | |||||
| 0 | reference | reference | reference | reference | reference |
| 1 | 2.46 (1.37, 4.43) *** | 2.18 (1.26, 3.78) * | 1.28 (0.80, 2.06) | 1.11 (0.68, 1.80) | 1.06 (0.73, 1.54) |
| 2 | 2.39 (0.86, 6.61) | 1.65 (0.85, 3.21) | 2.05 (1.31, 3.22) *** | 1.80 (1.15, 2.83) * | 1.06 (0.75, 1.51) |
| 3 | 5.53 (1.35, 22.67) * | 4.31 (2.17, 8.55) *** | 2.66 (1.66, 4.26) *** | 2.14 (1.36, 3.36) *** | 1.11 (0.78, 1.57) |
| 4 | 20.7 (5.05, 84.88) *** | 5.05 (2.13, 11.97) *** | 5.81 (3.63, 9.30) *** | 2.25 (1.40, 3.60) *** | 1.07 (0.75, 1.53) |
| 5+ | 109.95 (33.92, 356.38) *** | 5.81 (2.27, 14.89) *** | 4.95 (2.98, 8.24) *** | 2.69 (1.68, 4.31) *** | 1.36 (0.96, 1.94) |
| Asthma | |||||
| No | reference | reference | reference | reference | reference |
| Yes | 1.12 (0.53, 2.35) | 1.42 (0.94, 2.14) | 1.08 (0.84, 1.40) | 1.02 (0.86, 1.22) | 0.96 (0.87, 1.06) |
| COPD | |||||
| No | reference | reference | reference | reference | reference |
| Yes | 1.28 (0.30, 5.48) | 1.75 (1.14, 2.69) ** | 1.26 (0.99, 1.59) | 1.30 (1.13, 1.49) *** | 1.09 (1.01, 1.18) * |
| Dementia | |||||
| No | reference | reference | reference | reference | reference |
| Yes | 0.77 (0.05, 11.09) | 2.56 (1.26, 5.18) ** | 1.82 (1.33, 2.49) *** | 1.68 (1.41, 2.01) *** | 1.28 (1.19, 1.39) *** |
| HIV | |||||
| No | reference | reference | reference | reference | reference |
| Yes | 13.07 (3.19, 53.58) *** | 0.64 (0.09, 4.66) | 1.82 (0.58, 5.68) | 0.61 (0.15, 2.44) | 1.38 (0.34, 5.54) |
| Hypertension | |||||
| No | reference | reference | reference | reference | reference |
| Yes | 0.75 (0.33, 1.70) | 0.84 (0.59, 1.20) | 1.13 (0.89, 1.43) | 1.13 (0.95, 1.35) | 0.97 (0.86, 1.09) |
| Diabetes | |||||
| No | reference | reference | reference | reference | reference |
| Yes | 2.48 (1.25, 4.93) ** | 1.92 (1.35, 2.73) *** | 1.49 (1.20, 1.85) *** | 1.30 (1.13, 1.49) *** | 1.13 (1.04, 1.22) *** |
| Chronic kidney disease | |||||
| No | reference | reference | reference | reference | reference |
| Yes | 1.60 (0.45, 5.72) | 3.56 (2.22, 5.70) *** | 2.46 (1.91, 3.17) *** | 1.42 (1.21, 1.66) *** | 1.31 (1.21, 1.42) *** |
| Cancer | |||||
| No | reference | reference | reference | reference | reference |
| Yes | 6.82 (2.61, 17.82) *** | 2.94 (1.84, 4.71) *** | 1.45 (1.10, 1.90) ** | 1.20 (1.02, 1.40) * | 1.08 (1.00, 1.17) |
| Cardiovascular disease | |||||
| No | reference | reference | reference | reference | reference |
| Yes | 6.82 (2.46, 18.90) *** | 1.36 (0.82, 2.27) | 1.82 (1.44, 2.31) *** | 1.22 (1.04, 1.43) ** | 1.11 (1.02, 1.20) ** |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | |||||
| No | reference | reference | reference | reference | reference |
| Yes | 6.96 (1.63, 29.68) ** | 1.84 (0.58, 5.85) | 1.03 (0.51, 2.09) | 1.15 (0.81, 1.64) | 1.03 (0.83, 1.28) |
| Inflammatory bowel disease | |||||
| No | reference | reference | reference | reference | reference |
| Yes | 3.29 (0.43, 25.24) | NA | 2.01 (0.65, 6.28) | 1.00 (0.32, 3.12) | 0.64 (0.32, 1.27) |
| Liver disease | |||||
| No | reference | reference | reference | reference | reference |
| Yes | 6.05 (1.83, 20.00) *** | 1.34 (0.62, 2.87) | 1.11 (0.69, 1.77) | 1.00 (0.72, 1.40) | 0.98 (0.76, 1.26) |
| Severe mental illness | |||||
| No | reference | reference | reference | reference | reference |
| Yes | 13.33 (5.00, 35.52) *** | 1.34 (0.47, 3.78) | 1.88 (1.11, 3.19) * | 0.84 (0.52, 1.38) | 1.40 (0.99, 2.00) |
| Solid organ transplant | |||||
| No | reference | reference | reference | reference | reference |
| Yes | 3.53 (0.38, 32.93) | 0.93 (0.22, 3.90) | 2.27 (1.14, 4.51) * | 2.69 (1.47, 4.94) *** | NA |
Note: 1. Statistical significance is denoted by asterisk.
* means <0.05,
** means <0.01, and
*** means <0.001.
2. Three separate models that include each of the comorbidity-related variables (i.e., whether having any comorbidity, the number of comorbidities, and types of comorbidity) were created to avoid collinearity, while this table presents the combined results.