Table 1.

Variable measurement

Variable	Measurement (unit)	Source	Range	Mean (SD)
*Dependent variable*
Flood damage cost	Logged total 3-year property damage per capita	SHELDUS	−13.82–11.24	0.07 (7.18)
Flood damage cost	Total 3-year property damage per capita (US$)	SHELDUS	0–76,269.52	3,186.76 (9,676.87)
*Independent variables*
Spatial patterns of GI
PLAND	Percentage of GI (%)	USGS NLCD	16.20–95.13	48.35 (21.10)
SHAPE	Mean shape index (none) $\sum_{i = 1}^{n} \frac{.25 p_{i}}{\sqrt{a_{i}}} ∕ n$	USGS NLCD	1.21–1.96	1.54 (0.18)
PROX	Mean proximity index (none) $\sum_{s = 1}^{n} \frac{a_{i s}}{h_{i s}^{2}} ∕ n$	USGS NLCD	622.00–903,398.70	100,719.40 (175,505.60)
ENN	Mean nearest neighbor distance (m) $\sum_{i = 1}^{n} h_{i} ∕ n$	USGS NLCD	70.26–99.77	84.29 (5.38)
COHESION	Patch cohesion index (none) $[1 - \frac{\sum_{i = 1}^{n} p_{i}}{\sum_{i = 1}^{n} p_{i} \cdot \sqrt{a_{i}}}] \cdot [1 - \frac{1}{\sqrt{Z}}] \cdot (100)$	USGS NLCD	98.09–99.99	99.65 (0.40)
GYRATE	Area-weighted mean radius of gyration (km) $\sum_{i = 1}^{n} [(\sum_{r = 1}^{z} \frac{h_{i r}}{z}) (\frac{a_{i}}{\sum_{i = 1}^{n} a_{i}})]$	USGS NLCD	1.69–38.68	12.05 (8.14)
*Control variables*
Socioeconomic attributes
Housing value density	Housing value density assessed per unit area ($/m²)	USCB	0.02–10.68	2.21 (5.44)
Undereducation	Percentage of persons with no high school diploma (%)	USCB	10.81–65.30	25.91 (9.74)
Race	Percentage of non-Hispanic whites (%)	USCB	0.76–85.90	48.42 (24.00)
Built environment
Impervious area	Percentage of impervious area (%)	USGS NLCD	0.31–31.02	2.70 (4.88)
Dams	Total number of dams	USACE	0–108	17.99 (20.38)
Climatic and geophysical environment
Precipitation	Mean annual precipitation (mm)	PRISM	451.90–2,222.02	1,087.92 (406.28)
Duration of flood events	Mean annual duration of flood events (days)	SHELDUS	0–30.70	2.89 (4.05)
Surface elevation	Mean surface elevation (km)	USGS NHD Plus	0.003–0.18	0.05 (0.04)
Floodplain area	Percentage of 100-year floodplain area (%)	FEMA	8.76–59.05	27.08 (14.02)
Slope	Mean slope (%)	USGS NHD Plus	0.25–3.48	1.22 (1.03)
Soil permeability	Mean saturated hydraulic conductivity (μm/s)	NRCS SSURGO	1.23–34.08	9.79 (6.58)
Adjacency to coast	Counties bordering the Gulf of Mexico (0/1)	TxDOT	0/1	0.44 (0.50)
Distance to coastline	Nearest Euclidean distance to the Gulf of Mexico coastline from the county centroid (km)	TxDOT	0.12–158.37	56.44 (43.01)

Note. n = number of patches of the selected patch type (class); a_i = area (m²) of the patch i; a_is = area (m²) of the patch is within the 400m search radius of patch i (i.e., the search buffer created from the centers of the edge cells of the focal patch); p_i = perimeter of the patch i; h_i = distance (m) from patch i to the nearest neighboring patch of the same type, based on edge-to-edge distance; h_is = distance (m) between patch is and patch is, based on edge-to-edge distance computed from cell center to cell center; h_ir = distance (km) between cell ir placed in patch i and the centroid of patch i based on the cell’s center-to-center distance; Z = total number of cells in the landscape; z = number of cells in patch i.

SHELDUS = Spatial Hazard Events and Losses Database for the United States; USGS NLCD = United States Geological Survey’s National Land Cover Database; USCB = United States Census Bureau; USACE = United States Anny Corps of Engineers; USGS NHD = United States Geological Survey’s National Hydrography Dataset; NRCS SSURGO = Natural Resources Conservation Service’s Soil Survey Geographic Database; TxDOT = Texas Department of Transportation; PRISM = Parameter-elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model.