Table 2.
Six models for six indicators of trajectory of COVID-19 pandemic predicting cross-situational handwashing adherence
| Predictors and covariates | 6 Models explaining cross-situational handwashing adherence with 6 indicators of the trajectory of the COVID − 19 pandemic and control variables: | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| The model with total COVID-19 cases as the predictor in the equation |
The model with total COVID-19 deaths as the predictor in the equation |
The model with new COVID-19 cases as the predictor in the equation |
The model with new COVID-19 deaths as the predictor in the equation |
The model with 2-week change in COVID-19 cases as the predictor in the equation |
The model with 2-week change in COVID-19 deaths as the predictor in the equation |
|||||||||||||
| Est (SE) |
p | Cl97.5 | Est (SE) |
p | Cl97.5 | Est (SE) |
p | Cl97.5 | Est (SE) |
p | Cl97.5 | Est (SE) |
p | Cl97.5 | Est (SE) |
p | Cl97.5 | |
| Lower Upper | Lower Upper | Lower Upper | Lower Upper | Lower Upper | Lower Upper | |||||||||||||
| Intercept |
3.347 (0.030) |
<.001 |
3.285 3.409 |
3.346 (0.029) | <.001 |
3.286 3.405 |
3.352 (0.027) |
<.001 |
3.295 3.409 |
3.350 (0.028) |
<.001 |
3.291 3.410 |
3.350 (0.027) |
<.001 |
3.293 3.407 |
3.349 (0.027) |
<.001 |
3.292 3.406 |
| The predictor variables: indices of the trajectory of the COVID-19 pandemic | ||||||||||||||||||
| Total cases or total deaths or new cases or new deaths or 2-week change in cases or 2-week change in deaths |
−0.041 (0.013) |
.002 |
−0.068 −0.015 |
−0.036 (0.014) |
.013 |
−0.065 −0.008 |
0.016 (0.011) |
.159 |
− 0.006 0.038 |
− 0.003 (0.012) |
.787 |
− 0.027 0.020 |
0.014 (0.007) |
.035 |
0.001 0.027 |
0.022 (0.009) |
.015 |
0.004 0.040 |
| Participants’ COVID-19 -related situation (control variables) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Exposure to information regarding handwashing |
0.058 (0.006) |
<.001 |
0.047 0.069 |
0.058 (0.006) |
<.001 |
0.047 0.069 |
0.057 (0.006) |
<.001 |
0.046 0.069 |
0.059 (0.006) |
<.001 |
0.048 0.070 |
0.058 (0.006) |
<.001 |
0.046 0.069 |
0.058 (0.006) |
<.001 |
0.047 0.069 |
| Profession: healthcare services |
0.115 (0.016) |
<.001 |
0.083 0.147 |
0.115 (0.016) |
<.001 |
0.083 0.146 |
0.112 (0.016) |
<.001 |
0.080 0.143 |
0.109 (0.016) |
<.001 |
0.077 0.140 |
0.114 (0.016) |
<.001 |
0.082 0.146 |
0.114 (0.016) |
<.001 |
0.082 0.145 |
| Sociodemographic characteristics (control variables) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Gender |
−0.114 (0.013) |
<.001 |
−0.139 −0.088 |
−0.115 (0.013) |
<.001 |
−0.140 − 0.089 |
− 0.118 (0.013) |
<.001 |
− 0.144 − 0.093 |
−0.114 (0.013) |
<.001 |
−0.139 − 0.089 |
−0.117 (0.013) |
<.001 |
−0.142 − 0.092 |
−0.114 (0.013) |
<.001 |
−0.139 − 0.089 |
| Age |
0.029 (0.006) |
<.001 |
0.016 0.041 |
0.030 (0.006) |
<.001 |
0.017 0.042 |
0.028 (0.006) |
<.001 |
0.015 0.040 |
0.028 (0.006) |
<.001 |
0.016 0.040 |
0.027 (0.006) |
<.001 |
0.015 0.040 |
0.028 (0.006) |
<.001 |
0.016 0.041 |
| Marital status |
0.028 (0.012) |
.018 |
0.005 0.052 |
0.032 (0.012) |
.007 |
0.009 0.055 |
0.030 (0.012) |
.012 |
0.007 0.053 |
0.031 (0.012) |
.009 |
0.008 0.055 |
0.030 (0.012) |
.012 |
0.007 0.054 |
0.032 (0.012) |
.008 |
0.008 0.055 |
| Country-level control variables | ||||||||||||||||||
| Containment and health policies index |
−0.026 (0.009) |
.003 |
−0.044 −0.009 |
−0.025 (0.009) |
.005 |
−0.042 − 0.008 |
−0.024 (0.009) |
.007 |
−0.043 − 0.006 |
−0.018 (0.009) |
.046 |
−0.036 − 0.000 |
−0.023 (0.008) |
.007 |
−0.040 − 0.006 |
−0.024 (0.009) |
.007 |
−0.042 − 0.006 |
| Human Development Index 2019 |
− 0.021 (0.022) |
.347 |
− 0.066 0.025 |
−0.025 (0.021) |
.259 |
−0.068 0.019 |
− 0.031 (0.020) | .137 |
− 0.073 0.011 |
−0.028 (0.021) |
.194 |
−0.072 0.015 |
− 0.029 (0.020) |
.173 |
− 0.070 0.013 |
−0.028 (0.020) |
.172 |
−0.070 0.013 |
| Fit indices for the models explaining cross-situational handwashing adherence with 6 indicators of the trajectory of the COVID −19 pandemic and control variables: | ||||||||||||||||||
| AIC | 5824.7 | 5819.0 | 5830.8 | 5818.1 | 5829.0 | 5818.0 | ||||||||||||
| BIC | 5897.8 | 5892.1 | 5903.9 | 5891.2 | 5902.1 | 5891.1 | ||||||||||||
| Pseudo- R2 | .151 | .150 | .149 | .147 | .149 | .149 | ||||||||||||
Note. Est Estimate, Cl97.5 97.5% confidence interval; Values presented in bold are significant at p < .05; Country-level COVID-19-related policies were retrieved for individual self-reported data collection date; Total COVID-19 cases/deaths = total COVID-19 morbidity/mortality cases accumulated since the beginning of the pandemic (per country and per date); New COVID-19 cases/deaths = the number of new COVID-19 cases/deaths per country per day (average values for 2-week period); 2-week change in COVID-19 cases = a difference in the mean of new cases of COVID-19 in the 14 days previous to data collection, compared to the mean of country new cases of COVID-19 in the 15–28 days before the date of data collection; higher scores indicate more new cases in 14 days previous to data collection compared to 15–28 days before data collection; 2-week change in COVID-19 deaths = a 2-week change in COVID-19 deaths, calculated in the same manner as change in COVID-19 cases; Profession: healthcare services = being employed as healthcare professional during the COVID-19 pandemic; Containment and health index = Strictness of COVID-19-related containment and health policies (country-and week-specific data)