Table 3.
Multivariate longitudinal regressions of exogenous life circumstances on children’s life satisfaction
| Pooled OLS | Random effects | Fixed effects | Correlated random effects | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β-coef. | S.E | p value | β-coef. | S.E | p value | β-coef. | S.E | p value | β-coef. | S.E | p value | |
| Household income (log) | 0.03 | 0.023 | 0.228 | 0.02 | 0.020 | 0.453 | − 0.02 | 0.030 | 0.488 | − 0.02 | 0.030 | 0.488 |
| Age (Ref: 10 years old) | ||||||||||||
| 11 years old | 0.04 | 0.026 | 0.102 | 0.02 | 0.025 | 0.335 | 0.05 | 0.028 | 0.097 | 0.05 | 0.028 | 0.097 |
| 12 years old | − 0.06 | 0.028 | 0.039 | − 0.08 | 0.027 | 0.005 | 0.03 | 0.035 | 0.418 | 0.03 | 0.035 | 0.419 |
| 13 years old | − 0.16 | 0.030 | 0.000 | − 0.19 | 0.028 | 0.000 | − 0.01 | 0.044 | 0.840 | − 0.01 | 0.044 | 0.841 |
| 14 years old | − 0.25 | 0.030 | 0.000 | − 0.28 | 0.029 | 0.000 | − 0.02 | 0.054 | 0.661 | − 0.02 | 0.054 | 0.661 |
| 15 years old | − 0.31 | 0.032 | 0.000 | − 0.35 | 0.030 | 0.000 | 0.00 | 0.066 | 0.982 | 0.00 | 0.066 | 0.982 |
| Female | − 0.12 | 0.021 | 0.000 | − 0.12 | 0.020 | 0.000 | − 0.12 | 0.020 | 0.000 | |||
| British/Irish White | − 0.04 | 0.025 | 0.093 | − 0.05 | 0.024 | 0.055 | − 0.05 | 0.024 | 0.038 | |||
| Family type (Ref: biol. parents) | ||||||||||||
| Step family | − 0.23 | 0.033 | 0.000 | − 0.23 | 0.032 | 0.000 | − 0.23 | 0.080 | 0.003 | − 0.23 | 0.080 | 0.003 |
| Single parent family | − 0.20 | 0.029 | 0.000 | − 0.22 | 0.027 | 0.000 | − 0.25 | 0.140 | 0.077 | − 0.25 | 0.140 | 0.077 |
| Number of children in household | 0.02 | 0.023 | 0.292 | 0.03 | 0.021 | 0.184 | 0.01 | 0.044 | 0.759 | 0.01 | 0.044 | 0.759 |
| No school holidays | 0.06 | 0.019 | 0.001 | 0.06 | 0.017 | 0.000 | 0.05 | 0.019 | 0.009 | 0.05 | 0.019 | 0.009 |
| Neighbourhood (Ref: Comfortable Communities) | ||||||||||||
| Affluent Achievers | 0.08 | 0.029 | 0.007 | 0.06 | 0.027 | 0.016 | 0.00 | 0.064 | 0.972 | 0.00 | 0.064 | 0.973 |
| Rising Prosperity | 0.02 | 0.042 | 0.640 | 0.01 | 0.041 | 0.761 | 0.00 | 0.110 | 0.975 | 0.00 | 0.110 | 0.975 |
| Financially Stretched | − 0.04 | 0.030 | 0.181 | − 0.04 | 0.029 | 0.195 | 0.05 | 0.079 | 0.550 | 0.05 | 0.079 | 0.550 |
| Urban Adversity | − 0.02 | 0.032 | 0.436 | 0.00 | 0.030 | 0.926 | 0.32 | 0.096 | 0.001 | 0.32 | 0.096 | 0.001 |
| Moved to different neighbourhood | − 0.07 | 0.048 | 0.123 | − 0.06 | 0.043 | 0.182 | − 0.04 | 0.047 | 0.394 | − 0.04 | 0.047 | 0.394 |
| Design & time trend | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||||||||
| Mean values of context variables | No | No | No | Yes | ||||||||
| Constant | 6.13 | 0.172 | 0.000 | 6.29 | 0.153 | 0.000 | 7.47 | 0.284 | 0.000 | 6.00 | 0.208 | 0.000 |
| Number of observations | 24,370 | 24,370 | 24,370 | 24,370 | ||||||||
| R-squared (overall) | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.03 | ||||||||
| R-squared (within) | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | |||||||||
| R-squared (between) | 0.03 | 0.03 | ||||||||||
Source: Understanding Society (2019), Wave 1–9, 2009–2018, linked with neighbourhood and school holiday indicators for England