Table 1.
Characteristics of 598 Study Participants Stratified by HIV Status
| Variable | Total (N = 564) |
HIV-Positive (n = 287) | HIV-Negative (n = 277) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Sociodemographic characteristics | ||||
| Age categories, n (%) | <.001 | |||
| <40 years | 201 (35.6) | 68 (23.7) | 133 (48.0) | |
| 40–49 years | 162 (28.7) | 106 (36.9) | 56 (20.2) | |
| 50–59 years | 128 (22.7) | 83 (28.9) | 45 (16.2) | |
| ≥60 years | 73 (12.9) | 30 (10.5) | 43 (15.5) | |
| Sex (female) | 299 (50.0) | 144 (50.2) | 138 (49.8) | .93 |
| Marital status, n (%) | .002 | |||
| Single | 38 (6.4) | 15 (5.2) | 23 (8.3) | |
| Currently married | 414 (73.4) | 205 (68.3) | 235 (78.9) | |
| Separated/widowed/divorced | 112 (19.8) | 80 (26.7) | 40 (13.4) | |
| Education, n (%) | <.001 | |||
| Less than primary school completed | 78 (13.8) | 39 (13.6) | 39 (14.1) | |
| Primary school completed | 211 (37.4) | 124 (43.2) | 87 (31.4) | |
| Secondary school completed | 183 (32.4) | 95 (33.1) | 88 (31.8) | |
| More than secondary school completed | 92 (16.3) | 29 (10.1) | 63 (22.7) | |
| 2. Characteristics of persons living with HIV | ||||
| Nadir CD4 count,a cells/mm3 | … | 365 (213 571) | … | |
| Time since diagnosis, years | … | 9 (5, 11) | … | |
| Regimen, n (%) | ||||
| First-line regimen (non-PI) | … | 248 (86.4) | … | |
| Second-line regimen (PI) | … | 38 (13.2) | … | |
| Third-line regimen (PI) | … | 1 (0.3) | … | |
| ART duration, years | … | 8 (4, 10) | … | |
| Current CD4 count,c cells/mm3 | … | 512 (364, 666) | … | |
| Viral loadc (copies/mL), n (%) | ||||
| Undetectable (<50) | … | 229 (79.8) | … | |
| Low-level viremia (50–1000) | … | 46 (16.0) | … | |
| Viremic (>1000) | … | 13 (4.2) | … | |
| 3. Traditional risk factors | ||||
| BMI categories (kg/m2), n (%) | <.001 | |||
| Underweight (<18.5) | 51 (9.0) | 32 (11.1) | 19 (6.9) | |
| Normal weight (18.5–24.9) | 319 (56.6) | 177 (61.7) | 142 (51.3) | |
| Overweight (25–29.9) | 119 (21.1) | 54 (18.8) | 65 (23.5) | |
| Obese (>30) | 75 (13.3) | 24 (8.4) | 51 (18.4) | |
| Smoking, n (%) | .17 | |||
| Never smoked | 494 (87.6) | 249 (88.4) | 245 (88.4) | |
| Ever smoked but stopped | 43 (7.6) | 27 (9.4) | 16 (5.8) | |
| Current smoker | 27 (4.8) | 11 (3.8) | 16 (5.8) | |
| Alcohol use in past 12 months | 105 (18.6) | 41 (14.3) | 64 (23.1) | .007 |
| Recommended healthy diet | 31 (5.5) | 12 (4.2) | 19 (6.9) | .16 |
| Recommended physical activity | 134 (95) | 79 (95.0) | 55 (95) | .92 |
| Waist circumference, mean (SD), cm | ||||
| Female | 84.6 (13.0) | 82.3 (12.6) | 87.0 (13.1) | <.002 |
| Male | 82.0 (11.0) | 81.2 (9.8) | 82.9 (12.2) | .22 |
| 4. Components of metabolic syndrome criteria,d n (%) | ||||
| Elevated blood pressure (≥135/85 mmHg) | 161 (28.5) | 63 (22.0) | 98 (35.4) | <.001 |
| Abdominal obesity (waist circumference >88 cm for women and >94 cm for men) | 130 (23.0) | 54 (18.8) | 76 (27.4) | .01 |
| Low HDL-C (<50 mg/dL for women and <40 mg/dL for men) | 167 (29.6) | 75 (26.1) | 92 (33.2) | .06 |
| Elevated triglycerides (≥150 mg/dL) | 48 (8.5) | 30 (10.5) | 18 (6.5) | .09 |
| Elevated fasting plasma glucose (≥100 mg/dL) | 28 (5.0) | 10 (3.5) | 18 (6.5) | .09 |
| Metabolic syndrome | 50 (9.0) | 18 (6.3) | 32 (11.6) | .027 |
Data are presented as n (%) or median (IQR) unless otherwise indicated.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; IQR, interquartile range; PI, protease inhibitor.
aEighteen participants were missing nadir CD4 count data.
cTwo participants were missing CD4 results and viral load result.
dExcludes 34 participants without blood sample data.