Table 1.
Baseline Demographic and Clinical Data of Women Living With or at Risk for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection at the Time of Enrollment in the Women’s Interagency HIV Studya
| Characteristic | Entire Cohortb (N = 3129) |
HIV Positive (n = 2239) |
HIV Negative (n = 890) |
P Valuec |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y, median (Q1–Q3) | 37 (31–45) | 38 (32–45) | 36 (28–44) | <.0001 |
| Age group, y | <.0001 | |||
| <25 | 222 (7) | 95 (4) | 127 (14) | |
| 25–29 | 390 (12) | 263 (12) | 127 (14) | |
| 30–34 | 602 (19) | 458 (20) | 144 (16) | |
| 35–39 | 625 (20) | 463 (21) | 162 (18) | |
| 40–44 | 496 (16) | 378 (17) | 118 (13) | |
| 45–49 | 343 (11) | 259 (12) | 84 (9) | |
| 50–54 | 265 (8) | 189 (8) | 76 (9) | |
| ≥55 | 186 (6) | 134 (6) | 52 (6) | |
| Follow-up time, y, median (Q1–Q3) | 14.3 (3–17.2) | 14.3 (3–17.4) | 14.4 (3.2–16.7) | .8321 |
| Race/ethnicity | .1110 | |||
| White, non-Hispanic | 346 (11) | 264 (12) | 82 (9) | |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 2033 (65) | 1438 (64) | 595 (67) | |
| Hispanic | 642 (21) | 465 (21) | 177 (20) | |
| Other | 108 (3) | 72 (3) | 36 (4) | |
| WIHS enrollment wave | <.0001 | |||
| 1994–1995 | 1149 (37) | 862 (39) | 287 (32) | |
| 2001–2002 | 858 (27) | 554 (25) | 304 (34) | |
| 2011–2012 | 333 (11) | 250 (11) | 83 (9) | |
| 2013–2015 | 789 (25) | 573 (26) | 216 (24) | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | .0008 | |||
| <30 | 1779 (58) | 1317 (60) | 462 (53) | |
| ≥30 | 1288 (42) | 882 (40) | 406 (47) | |
| SBP, mm Hg, median (Q1–Q3) | 116 (107–127) | 115 (107–127) | 116 (108–128) | .0742 |
| DBP, mm Hg, median (Q1–Q3) | 74 (68–80) | 74 (68–81) | 73 (68–80) | .1379 |
| Antihypertensive medication use | 579 (19) | 439 (20) | 140 (16) | .0118 |
| Lipid-lowering medication use | 155 (5) | 108 (5) | 47 (5) | .5966 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 (CKD-EPI), median (Q1–Q3) | 100 (85.4–117) | 99.3 (84.2–116.4) | 101.5 (87.6–118.8) | .0099 |
| CES-D scored, median (Q1–Q3) | 12 (5–22) | 12 (5–23) | 12 (5–22) | .2353 |
| Education | .1848 | |||
| High school or less | 2025 (65) | 1466 (66) | 559 (63) | |
| More than high school | 1099 (35) | 771 (34) | 328 (37) | |
| Income | .7486 | |||
| <$12 000 | 1748 (56) | 1262 (57) | 486 (55) | |
| $12 001–$24 000 | 764 (25) | 544 (24) | 220 (25) | |
| >$24 000 | 591 (19) | 418 (19) | 173 (20) | |
| Insured | 2490 (81) | 1928 (87) | 562 (64) | <.0001 |
| Marital status | 1029 (33) | 741 (33) | 288 (32) | <.0001 |
| Married/partner | 803 (26) | 617 (28) | 186 (21) | |
| Had a partner | 1296 (41) | 881 (39) | 415 (47) | |
| Never married/other | ||||
| Owner of residence | 2293 (73) | 1720 (77) | 573 (64) | <.0001 |
| Cigarette use | <.0001 | |||
| Never | 1077 (35) | 814 (37) | 263 (30) | |
| Current | 1451 (47) | 977 (44) | 474 (54) | |
| Former | 568 (18) | 428 (19) | 140 (16) | |
| Current alcohol use | <.0001 | |||
| None | 1535 (50) | 1158 (52) | 377 (43) | |
| 1–7 drinks/wk | 1202 (39) | 843 (38) | 359 (41) | |
| >7 drinks/wk | 341 (11) | 206 (9) | 135 (16) | |
| Marijuana use | <.0001 | |||
| Never | 1049 (34) | 826 (37) | 223 (25) | |
| Current | 690 (22) | 433 (20) | 257 (29) | |
| Former | 1354 (44) | 957 (43) | 397 (45) | |
| Crack/cocaine use | <.0001 | |||
| Never | 2412 (78) | 1787 (81) | 625 (71) | |
| Current | 350 (11) | 218 (10) | 132 (15) | |
| Former | 333 (11) | 213 (10) | 120 (14) | |
| Opioid use (heroin/methadone) | .0031 | |||
| Never | 2869 (93) | 2078 (94) | 791 (90) | |
| Current | 112 (4) | 71 (3) | 41 (5) | |
| Former | 114 (4) | 69 (3) | 45 (5) | |
| Injection drug use | .0862 | |||
| Never | 2548 (82) | 1819 (82) | 729 (83) | |
| Current | 75 (2) | 47 (2) | 28 (3) | |
| Former | 470 (15) | 350 (16) | 120 (14) | |
| Noninjection drug use | <.0001 | |||
| Never | 864 (28) | 691 (31) | 173 (20) | |
| Current | 863 (28) | 544 (25) | 319 (36) | |
| Former | 1366 (44) | 981 (44) | 385 (44) | |
| Chronic HBV | 64 (2) | 54 (2) | 10 (1) | .0216 |
| Chronic HCV | 345 (11) | 269 (12) | 76 (9) | .0051 |
| CD4 cell count, cells/μL, median (Q1–Q3) | … | 484 (308–698) | … | |
| CD4 nadir, cells/μL, median (Q1–Q3) | … | 280 (159–414) | … | |
| HIV viral load | ||||
| Suppressede | … | 971 (45) | … | |
| 200–999 copies/mL | … | 197 (9) | … | |
| ≥1000 copies/mL | … | 976 (46) | … | |
| ART status | ||||
| No therapy | … | 709 (32) | … | |
| Mono/dual ART | … | 421 (19) | … | |
| Combination ART | … | 1109 (50) | … |
Data are presented as No. (%) unless otherwise indicated.
Abbreviations: ART, combined antiretroviral therapy; BMI, body mass index; CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies–Depression; CKD-EPI, Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; Q1, first quartile; Q3, third quartile; SBP, systolic blood pressure; WIHS, Women’s Interagency HIV Study.
aColumn percentages may not total 100 due to rounding.
bData missing for BMI (n = 62), SBP (n = 2), DBP (n = 2), CES-D (n = 1), CD4 count (n = 82), and CD4 nadir (n = 82).
cχ 2 test performed for categorical variables and Wilcoxon rank-sum test for continuous variables.
dRange 0–60, threshold for depressive symptoms ≥16.
eHIV viral load <200 copies/mL and/or less than the lower limit of quantification of the assay.