Table 1.

Demographic and health behaviors of participants (n = 55), stratified by weight change status during COVID-19.

Characteristic		Gained weight (n = 32)	Maintained or lost weight (n = 23)	pa
		Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)
Age	Years	48.6 (13.6)	51.4 (8.5)	0.36
Pre-COVID BMI	kg/m2	38.3 (6.4)	36.2 (6.0)	0.21
Pre-COVID weight loss	kg	1.3 (4.9)	1.8 (5.4)	0.76

		n (%)	n (%)	pb
Gender	Male	4 (12.5%)	1 (4.3%)
	Female	28 (87.5%)	22 (95.7%)	0.39
Race	White	14 (43.8%)	6 (26.1%)
	Nonwhited	18 (56.3%)	17 (73.9%)	0.26
Education	<Bachelor’s degree	11 (34.4%)	10 (43.5%)
	≥Bachelor’s degree	21 (65.6%)	13 (56.5%)	0.58
Marital status	Married	14 (43.8%)	10 (43.5%)
	Not marriede	18 (56.3%)	13 (56.5%)	1.00
Prediabetes/diabetes history	No	24 (75.0%)	15 (65.2%)
	Yes	8 (25.0%)	8 (34.8%)	0.55

Behaviors contributing to weight gain		n (%)	n (%)	RR (95% CI)c
Choosing healthy, low-calorie foods	More difficult	23 (71.9%)	8 (34.8%)	1.98* (1.13, 3.45)
	Less/equally difficult	9 (28.1%)	15 (65.2%)	Reference
Eating when stressed	More difficult	22 (68.8%)	10 (43.5%)	1.58† (0.94, 2.66)
	Less/equally difficult	10 (31.2%)	13 (56.5%)	Reference
Eating when bored	More difficult	25 (78.1%)	6 (26.1%)	2.77** (1.45, 5.28)
	Less/equally difficult	7 (21.9%)	17 (73.9%)	Reference
Limiting amount or type of food in home	More difficult	22 (68.8%)	5 (21.7%)	2.28** (1.34, 3.87)
	Less/equally difficult	10 (31.2%)	18 (78.3%)	Reference
Being physically active	More difficult	26 (81.3%)	5 (21.7%)	3.35*** (1.65, 6.82)
	Less/equally difficult	6 (18.8%)	18 (78.3%)	Reference
Limiting time sitting or lying down	More difficult	25 (78.1%)	6 (26.1%)	2.77** (1.45, 5.28)
	Less/equally difficult	7 (21.9%)	17 (73.9%)	Reference
Stepping on a scale frequently	More difficult	11 (34.4%)	4 (17.4%)	1.39 (0.91, 2.14)
	Less/equally difficult	21 (65.6%)	19 (82.6%)	Reference
Tracking calorie or food intake	More difficult	25 (78.1%)	8 (34.8%)	2.38** (1.25, 4.52)
	Less/equally difficult	7 (21.9%)	15 (65.2%)	Reference
Limiting meals from bars or restaurants	More difficult	6 (18.8%)	5 (21.7%)	0.92 (0.51, 1.67)
	Less/equally difficult	26 (81.3%)	18 (78.3%)	Reference
Going to gyms or fitness classes	More difficult	26 (81.3%)	16 (69.6%)	1.34 (0.71, 2.53)
	Less/equally difficult	6 (18.8%)	7 (30.4%)	Reference
Keeping a consistent schedulef	More difficult	25 (78.1%)	7 (31.8%)	2.46** (1.30, 4.65)
	Less/equally difficult	7 (21.9%)	15 (68.2%)	Reference

COVID-19 specific changes
Working from home	Yes	19 (59.4%)	8 (34.8%)	1.52† (0.95, 2.42)
	No	13 (40.6%)	15 (65.2%)	Reference
Essential worker	Yes	7 (21.9%)	8 (34.8%)	0.75 (0.41, 1.35)
	No	25 (78.1%)	15 (65.2%)	Reference
Social distancing behaviors	Social isolation	5 (15.6%)	5 (21.7%)	0.86 (0.39, 1.88)
	Social distancing	20 (62.5%)	13 (56.5%)	1.04 (0.60, 1.80)
	No social distancing	7 (21.9%)	5 (21.7%)	Reference
Financial changes	Yes	7 (21.9%)	3 (13.0%)	1.26 (0.78, 2.04)
	No	25 (78.1%)	20 (87.0%)	Reference
COVID-19 loneliness	Mean (SD)	18.9 (5.9)	15.3 (7.1)	1.04†, g (1.00, 1.07)

^aFor continuous variables, p-value for independent-samples t-test is reported.

^bFisher’s exact test comparing weight change status groups.

^cUnadjusted relative risk estimates.

^dIncludes African American (n = 31), Asian (n = 1), and American Indian/Alaska Native (n = 2).

^eIncludes single (n = 20) and divorced (n = 11).

^fn = 54, one participant with missing data. Missingness attributed to error, remaining data included in other analyses.

^gRelative risk for each one-point increase in continuous predictor.

^†p < 0.1.

^*p < 0.05.

^**p < 0.01.

^***p < 0.001.