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. 2021 Oct 5;11:19705. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-99314-9

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Changes in gut bacterial taxonomic abundance in patients with PBC (n = 34) compared with HCs (n = 21). (a) Bacterial taxa identified to be rich based on the differences between the groups analyzed by LEfSe (LEfSe v1.0, https//huttenhower.sph.harvard.edu/lefse/) (Logarithmic LDA score > 2.0). Bacterial taxa of the patients with PBC were compared with those of HCs at various levels. Bacterial taxa with high numbers of bacteria in the PBC group are shown in green, and bacterial taxa with high numbers of bacteria in the HC group are shown in red. In addition, the bacterial taxa showing insignificant differences in their abundance between the two groups are shown in yellow. LEfSe identified Alphaproteobacteria as a differentially abundant taxon in the PBC group versus the HC group. (b) Order-level relative abundance of bacteria in the PBC group compared with that in the HC group. (c) Family-level relative abundance of bacteria in the PBC group compared with that in the HC group. (d) Genus-level relative abundance of bacteria in the PBC group compared with that in the HC group. Values are expressed as the median of the interquartile range. PBC, primary biliary cholangitis; HC, healthy control; LEfSe, linear discriminant analysis effect size; LDA, linear discriminant analysis.