Fig. 1. Schematic diagram illustrating the cellular damage that occurs in different neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, and depression (MDD).

Although these neurodegenerative disorders share differences in pathology, they are connected by the upregulation of neuroinflammation (middle panel). Neuroinflammation is driven by an increased immune response, microglial activation, ILC2 activation, ROS, and mitochondrial dysregulation.