Table 3.
Incidence rates and crude and multivariate adjusted odd ratios for developing hypertension according to PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations during follow-up (2008–2016).
| PM 10 (μg/l) | PM 10 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 12.21–16.95 | 16.96–20.00 | 20.01–22.79 | 22.80–30.18 | p for trend | Per 5-μg/m3 increment | p | |
| Number at risk | 278 | 280 | 279 | 266 | |||
| Number developing HT | 63 | 61 | 74 | 84 | |||
|
OR no weighting (95% CI) |
1 (reference) |
0.95 (0.64–1.42) |
1.23 (0.84–1.81) |
1.58 (1.08–2.31) |
0.008 |
1.22 (1.02–1.45) |
0.026 |
|
OR with IPW * (95% CI) |
1 (reference) |
0.82 (0.59–1.14) |
1.28 (0.93–1.78) |
1.45 (1.05–2.01) |
0.003 |
1.22 (1.06–1.41) |
0.007 |
| PM 2.5 (μg/l) | PM 2.5 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 7.25–9.31 | 9.32–10.77 | 10.78–11.79 | 11.80–16.49 | p for trend | Per 5-μg/m3 increment |
p | |
| Number at risk | 280 | 275 | 279 | 269 | |||
| Number developing HT | 68 | 60 | 68 | 86 | |||
|
OR no weighting (95% CI) |
1 (reference) |
0.87 (0.59–1.29) |
1.00 (0.68–1.48) |
1.47 (1.01–2.13) |
0.032 |
1.36 (0.99–1.88 |
0.06 |
|
OR with IPW * (95% CI) |
1 (reference) |
0.80 (0.57–1.13) |
1.11 (0.80–1.53) |
1.48 (1.09–2.00) |
0.004 |
1.39 (1.07–1.81) |
0.02 |
CI, confidence Interval; HT, hypertension; IPAQ, international physical activity questionnaire; IPW, inverse probability weighting. MedScore, mediterranean diet score; PM10, particles with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 10 µm; PM2.5, particles with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 µm; OR, odds ratio.
*Inverse probability weighting (IPW) using as confounding variables age, gender, ethnicity, education level, MedScore, IPAQ, alcohol intake, smoking, BMI, BP levels at baseline, Ambient temperature and Humidity.