Table 3.
Associations of the mode of delivery (cesarean section vs. vaginal delivery) with metabolic health and inflammation biomarkers during mid-childhood (N = 689) and early adolescence (N = 709) in Project Viva.
| Model 0 | Model 1 | Model 2 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mid-childhood | |||
| Leptin (ng/mL) | −10.0 (−23.2, 5.5) | −13.4 (−26.1, 1.5) | −15.5 (−27.8, −1.1) |
| Adiponectin (µg/mL) | −5.2 (−15.3, 6.0) | −4.7 (−14.8, 6.7) | −5.3 (−15.4, 6.0) |
| Insulin (µU/mL) | −1.0 (−14.2, 14.2) | −6.5 (−19.0, 8.0) | −7.2 (−19.7, 7.2) |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | −1.7 (−4.6, 1.2) | −1.8 (−4.7, 1.2) | −1.8 (−4.7, 1.2) |
| HOMA-IR (U) | −6.2 (−19.7, 9.5) | −10.4 (−23.3, 4.8) | −11.5 (−24.3, 3.6) |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | −0.4 (−4.9, 4.2) | −0.3 (−4.8, 4.3) | 0.0 (−4.5, 4.7) |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | −1.3 (−8.8, 6.7) | −1.7 (−9.2, 6.4) | −1.8 (−9.3, 6.4) |
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | −10.0 (−23.8, 6.2) | −12.1 (−25.5, 3.7) | −12.4 (−25.8, 3.4) |
| CRP (mg/L) | 14.3 (−16.4, 56.3) | 4.2 (−23.6, 42.3) | 0.0 (−26.7, 36.5) |
| Metabolic risk z-score | 0.01 (−0.12, 0.14) | −0.04 (−0.17, 0.09) | −0.06 (−0.19, 0.07) |
| Early adolescence | |||
| Leptin (ng/mL) | 11.3 (−7.4, 33.7) | 6.7 (−10.6, 27.3) | 5.1 (−11.7, 25.2) |
| Adiponectin (µg/mL) | −12.6 (−19.3, −5.3) | −11.3 (−18.0, −4.0) | −11.3 (−18.1, −4.0) |
| Insulin (µU/mL) | 12.4 (0.1, 26.1) | 11.9 (−0.1, 25.3) | 11.5 (−0.4, 25.0) |
| Glucose (mg/dL | −0.3 (−2.8, 2.2) | −0.7 (−3.1, 1.8) | −0.6 (−3.1, 1.9) |
| HOMA-IR (U) | 11.3 (−0.8, 24.8) | 9.9 (−1.6, 22.7) | 9.1 (−2.3, 21.8) |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | −3.2 (−7.5, 1.2) | −2.5 (−6.8, 2.0) | −2.2 (−6.5, 2.3) |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | −1.0 (−8.6, 7.2) | −1.5 (−9.1, 6.6) | −1.5 (−9.1, 6.7) |
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | −1.2 (−12.6, 11.6) | −3.0 (−14.1, 9.7) | −2.8 (−14.0, 9.9) |
| CRP (mg/L) | 13.0 (−9.5, 41.2) | 5.5 (−15.1, 31.2) | 3.5 (−16.7, 28.5) |
| Metabolic risk z-score | 0.09 (0.00, 0.19) | 0.08 (−0.01, 0.17) | 0.07 (−0.02, 0.16) |
Plasma metabolic health and inflammation biomarkers were log-transformed and thus data are presented as % difference (95% CI) [except for metabolic risk z-score, β (95% CI)]. We used stabilized inverse probability weights to account for censoring.
Model 0: adjusted for child age and sex.
Model 1: Model 0 + maternal prepregnancy BMI, age, education, and race/ethnicity.
Model 2: Model 1 + total GWG, pregnancy smoking, BW/GA z-score, and father’s BMI.
CRP C-reactive protein, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein, HOMA-IR homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, IL-6 interleukin-6.