Table 1.
Active clinical trials using T cells, DC vaccines, NK cells, and MSCs in COVID-19 treatment. Data extracted from https://clinicaltrials.gov/ (last accessed 9/15/2021).
| Treatment | Phase | Drug | Explanation/intervention | Country | NCT number |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NK cell | I/II | CYNK-001 | To assess the safety of NK cells derived from human placental CD34 + stem cells as a treatment option | USA | NCT04365101 |
| I | NK cells/ conventional therapy | To assess the safety of NK cells plus conventional therapy in COVID-19 patients | China | NCT04280224 | |
| I | FT516 | To assess the safety of off-the-shelf iPSC-derived NK cells | USA | NCT04363346 | |
| I | DVX201 | To assess the safety of NK cells derived from CD34 + hematopoietic stem cells | USA | NCT04900454 | |
| I | NK cells | To assess the safety of ex vivo expanded NK cells | Brazil | NCT04634370 | |
| I/II | NK cells/ T cells | To assess the safety of NK cells and memory T cells from convalescent donors | Spain | NCT04578210 | |
| I/II | NKG2D-ACE2 CAR-NK Cells | To assess the safety of IL15 superagonist- and GM-CSF neutralizing scFv-secreting NKG2D-ACE2 CAR-NK derived from cord blood | China | NCT04324996 | |
| I | agenT-797 | To assess the safety and efficacy of an unmodified, allogeneic iNKT therapy in ARDS patients | USA | NCT04582201 | |
| DC | I/II | AV-COVID-19 | To assess the safety of monocyte-derived autologous DCs loaded with spike protein | USA | NCT04386252 |
| I | DC Vaccine | To assess the safety of minigene-containing DC vaccine | China | NCT04299724 | |
| I/II | Minigene Vaccine/ CTLs | Minigene-containing LV-SMENP-DC vaccine plus antigen-specific CTLs | China | NCT04276896 | |
| I | AV-COVID-19 | To assess the safety of autologous DCs loaded with spike protein with or without GM-CSF | Indonesia | NCT04690387 | |
| I | AV-COVID-19 | To assess the safety of autologous DCs loaded with spike protein with or without GM-CSF | Indonesia | NCT04685603 | |
| T cell | I | CSTC-Exo | Exosomes of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells | Turkey | NCT04389385 |
| – | VSTs | To assess the possibility of VST production from convalescent donors | Singapore | NCT04351659 | |
| I/II | VSTs | To assess the possibility of VST production from convalescent donors and its safety as a treatment | Singapore | NCT04457726 | |
| I | VSTs | To assess the safety of partially HLA-matched VSTs as a treatment option | USA | NCT04401410 | |
| I/II | IMP | To assess the safety of VSTs as a treatment option at various doses | Germany | NCT04762186 | |
| I | VSTs | To assess the safety of HLA-matched CTLs | USA | NCT04742595 | |
| I | VSTs | To assess the safety of CTLs as a treatment | USA | NCT04765449 | |
| I/II | TCB008 | To assess the safety of γδ T cells of unrelated donors as a treatment | UK | NCT04834128 | |
| I | CK0802 | Treatment of ARDS using cord blood derived regulatory T cells | USA | NCT04468971 | |
| I/II | RAPA-501-ALLO | Off-the-shelf allogeneic hybrid Treg/Th2 Cells | USA | NCT04482699 | |
| I/II | AlloStim | Allogenic memory T cells | USA | NCT04441047 | |
| MSC | II | Secretome-MSC | Injection of isolated S-MSCs from culture medium | Indonesia | NCT04753476 |
| I | ExoFlo™ | Injection of bone marrow MSCs' extracellular vesicles to alleviate ARDS | USA | NCT04657458 | |
| II | EXIT-COVID19 | Injection of bone marrow MSCs' extracellular vesicles to alleviate ARDS | USA | NCT04493242 | |
| I | MSC exosome | Inhalation of MSC-derived secretomes to treat COVID-19 pneumonia | China | NCT04276987 | |
| II | MSCs | Injection of MSCs for the treatment of ARDS | Mexico | NCT04416139 | |
| I/II | MSCs | Injection of allogenic pooled olfactory mucosa-derived MSCs | Belarus | NCT04382547 | |
| I/II | MSCs | Injection of human dental pulp-derived MSCs to treat ARDS | China | NCT04336254 | |
| I | MSCs | Injection of umbilical cord-derived MSCs to alleviate COVID-19 pneumonia | USA | NCT04490486 | |
| I/II | Astrostem-V | Injection of allogeneic adipose tissue-derived MSCs to control ARDS | South Korea | NCT04527224 | |
| II | MSCs | Injection of adipose tissue-derived MSCs to control ARDS | NCT04905836 | ||
| II | MSCs | Injection of autologous adipose tissue-derived MSCs to control ARDS | USA | NCT04428801 | |
| I | MSCs | Injection of Wharton's Jelly MSCs for treatment of COVID-19 ARDS | Jordan | NCT04313322 | |
| I | MSCs | Ascertain the positive effects of MSC injection on DNA repair genes | NCT04898088 | ||
| II | NestaCell® | Assess the efficacy of NestaCell® in combination with conventional therapy | Brazil | NCT04315987 | |
| I/II | MSCs | Injection of bone marrow-derived MSCs to treat ARDS | China | NCT04346368 | |
| II | MSCs | Injection of MSCs to treat COVID-19-associated pneumonia | Spain | NCT04361942 | |
| II | MSCs | Injection of bone marrow-derived MSCs to treat COVID-19-associated pneumonia | Pakistan | NCT04444271 | |
| I | MSCs | Investigate the safety of allogenic MSC injection | Brazil | NCT04467047 | |
| I/II | MSCs | Injection of MSCs to treat ARDS | USA | NCT04345601 | |
| I/II | MSCs | Injection of umbilical cord-derived MSCs to alleviate COVID-19 pneumonia | Canada | NCT04400032 | |
| I/II | MSCs | Injection of cord blood-derived MSCs to alleviate COVID-19 pneumonia | USA | NCT04565665 | |
| I | PSC-04 | To assess the safety of allogeneic adipose-derived MSCs | USA | NCT04486001 | |
| II | MSCs | To assess the safety of umbilical cord-derived MSCs | Colombia | NCT04429763 | |
| I | MSCs | Injection of Wharton Jelly-derived MSCs to treat ARDS | Mexico | NCT04456361 | |
| I/II | MSCs | Injection of Wharton Jelly-derived MSCs to treat ARDS | France | NCT04625738 | |
| I/II | MSCs | Injection of human cord tissue MSCs to treat ARDS | USA | NCT04399889 | |
| II | MSCs | Injection of MSCs to treat ARDS | Spain | NCT04615429 | |
| I/II | MSCs | To assess the safety and efficacy of allogeneic, adipose tissue-derived MSCs to alleviate COVID-19 pneumonia | Spain | NCT04366323 | |
| I | MSCs | Injection of Longeveron MSCs to treat COVID-19 and Flu-elicited ARDS | USA | NCT04629105 | |
| I | ADR-001 | To assess the safety and efficacy of adipose tissue-derived MSCs to alleviate COVID-19 pneumonia | Japan | NCT04522986 | |
| I | MSCs | Injection of dental pulp MSCs to treat ARDS | China | NCT04302519 | |
| II | MSCs | Multiple dosing of MSC as a treatment study for COVID-19 ARDS | USA | NCT04466098 | |
| I | MSCs | Injection of human cord tissue MSCs to treat ARDS | Brazil | NCT04525378 | |
| I | MSCs | Injection of autologous adipose tissue-derived MSCs to control ARDS | USA | NCT04352803 | |
| I/II | MSCs | Injection of Wharton's Jelly MSCs for treatment of COVID-19 ARDS | Colombia | NCT04390152 | |
| II | MSCs | To assess the efficacy of MSC injection in COVID-19 patients | Pakistan | NCT04437823 | |
| II | MSCs | Injection of umbilical cord-derived MSCs to alleviate COVID-19 pneumonia | China | NCT04288102 | |
| I | DW-MSCs | To assess the safety and efficacy of MSC injection in COVID-19 patients | Indonesia | NCT04535856 | |
| I | MSCs | Injection of umbilical cord-derived MSCs to alleviate COVID-19 pneumonia | Indonesia | NCT04457609 | |
| I/II | MSCs | Injection of umbilical cord-derived MSCs to alleviate COVID-19 pneumonia | China | NCT04339660 | |
| I | MSCs | To assess the safety of umbilical cord-derived MSCs in COVID-19 patients | China | NCT04273646 | |
| I/II | MSCs | To assess the safety and efficacy of MSC therapy | Belgium | NCT04445454 | |
| I/II | SBI-101 | To assess the safety of MSC therapy in COVID-19 patients with acute kidney injury | USA | NCT04445220 | |
| I | MSCs | Injection of MSCs to alleviate COVID-19 pneumonia | Mexico | NCT04611256 | |
| I/II | MSCs | Injection of umbilical cord-derived MSCs to alleviate COVID-19 ARDS | USA | NCT04355728 | |
| I | MSCs | Injection of MSCs to alleviate COVID-19 pneumonia | China | NCT04252118 | |
| II | HB-adMSCs | Injection of allogeneic adipose-derived MSCs to provide support against COVID-19 | USA | NCT04348435 | |
| II | HB-adMSCs | Injection of allogeneic adipose-derived MSCs to provide support against COVID-19 | USA | NCT04349631 | |
| I | MSCs | To assess the safety of MSC therapy in COVID-19 patients | China | NCT04371601 | |
| I/II | MSCs | Injection of umbilical cord-derived MSCs to alleviate COVID-19 ARDS | France | NCT04333368 | |
| I/II | MSCs | Injection of MSCs to alleviate COVID-19 pneumonia and multiple organ failure | Turkey | NCT04392778 | |
| I/II | XCEL-UMC-BETA | To assess the safety and efficacy of MSC therapy | Spain | NCT04390139 | |
| I | PrimePro | To assess the palliative effects of MSC administration in COVID-19 patients and as prophylaxis in healthcare providers | USA | NCT04573270 | |
| I/II | MSCs | Injection of allogeneic cryopreserved umbilical cord- and placenta-derived MSCs to alleviate COVID-19 ARDS | Ukraine | NCT04461925 | |
| II | PLX-PAD | To assess the efficacy of MSC therapy | USA | NCT04389450 | |
| II | HB-adMSC | To assess the efficacy and safety of allogeneic adipose-derived MSCs | USA | NCT04362189 | |
| I | BM-Allo.MSC | To assess the safety of allogeneic bone marrow-derived MSC therapy | USA | NCT04397796 | |
| I/II | BX-U001 | Injection of umbilical cord-derived MSCs to alleviate COVID-19 ARDS | USA | NCT04452097 | |
| I/II | CYP-001 | To assess the safety of MSC injection in ICU patients with respiratory failure | Australia | NCT04537351 | |
| II | PLX-PAD | To assess the efficacy of MSC therapy | Germany | NCT04614025 | |
| I/II | MSCs | Injection of umbilical cord derived CD362 enriched MSCs to alleviate COVID-19 ARDS | UK | NCT03042143 | |
| II | MSCs | Injection of bone marrow-derived MSCs to treat ARDS | Germany | NCT04377334 | |
| III | Remestemcel-L | To assess the safety and efficacy of MSC plus standard care in ARDS patients | USA | NCT04371393 | |
| II | MSC | Injection of umbilical cord-derived MSCs to alleviate COVID-19 ARDS | China | NCT04269525 | |
| I/II | ACT-20-MSC/ACT-20-CM | To assess the safety and efficacy of umbilical cord-derived MSC in ARDS patients | USA | NCT04398303 |
MSC: mesenchymal stromal cell; NK cell: natural killer cell; iPSC: induced pluripotent stem cell; CAR: chimeric antigen receptor; DC: dendritic cell; CTL: cytotoxic T cell; GM-CSF; granulocyte monocyte colony-stimulating factor; VST: virus-specific T cell; ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome; HLA: human leukocyte antigen