Table 3.
Summary of ORA results obtained from 7th–4th cal. BC sites in the southern Levant and the number of vessels with suggested evidence for beeswax residues (sites tested for the current study are marked in bold).
| site | period | N vessels analysed | N vessels and crusts with > 5 µg g−1 of lipids in the solvent extract internally | N vessels with > 5 µg g−1 of lipids in the solvent extract exclusively externally | N vessels with evidence for beeswax | reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abu Thawaab | Pottery Neolithic | 10 | 0 | — | 0 | [80] |
| ‘Dhra | Pottery Neolithic | 24 | 0 | — | 0 | [80] |
| Munhata | Pottery Neolithic | 13 | 0 | — | 0 | [80] |
| Sha'ar HaGolan | Pottery Neolithic | 16 | 0 | — | 0 | [80] |
| 16 | 1 | 1 | current study | |||
| al-Basatin | Early Chalcolithic | 7 | 0 | — | 0 | [80] |
| Ein Zipporia | Early Chalcolithic | 3 | — | — | 0 | [81] |
| Neve Yam | Early Chalcolithic | 17 | 1 | — | 1 | current study |
| 33 | 0 | — | [80] | |||
| Tel Hreiz | Early Chalcolithic | 3 | 1 | — | 0 | current study |
| Tabaqat al-Buma | Early Chalcolithic | 15 | 0 | — | 0 | [80] |
| Tel Tsaf | Middle Chalcolithic | 100 | 14 | 1 | 1 | current study |
| Tubna | Middle Chalcolithic | 22 | 0 | — | 0 | [80] |
| Abu Hofa | Late Chalcolithic | 10 | — | — | 0 | [82] |
| Abu Matar | Late Chalcolithic | 14 | 0 | — | 0 | [80] |
| 3 | 0 | 0 | current study | |||
| Ashqelon Agamim | Late Chalcolithic | 28 | 1 | 0 | 0 | current study |
| Azor | Late Chalcolithic | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | current study |
| Tel Bene Beraq (South) | Late Chalcolithic | 10 | 1 | 1 | 1 | current study |
| Bir es-Safadi | Late Chalcolithic | 11 | 0 | 0 | 0 | current study |
| Ein Gedi | Late Chalcolithic | 10 | 6 | — | 6 | [38] |
| Fazael 7 | Late Chalcolithic | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | current study |
| Gilat | Late Chalcolithic | 13 | 3 | 2 | 0 | current study |
| 10a | — | — | [83] | |||
| Grar | Late Chalcolithic | 4 | 2 | — | 2 | [38] |
| Horvat Qarqar | Late Chalcolithic | 4 | 0 | — | 0 | [38] |
| Moringa Cave | Late Chalcolithic | 4 | 2 | — | 2 | [38] |
| Nahal Qomem | Late Chalcolithic | 6 | 0 | — | 0 | [38] |
| Nevatim | Late Chalcolithic | 4 | 0 | — | 0 | [80] |
| Nisim Aloni | Late Chalcolithic | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | current study |
| Peqi'in | Late Chalcolithic | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | current study |
| Tsomet Shoket | Late Chalcolithic | 18 | 0 | 1 | 1 | current study |
| Shiqmima | Late Chalcolithic | 11 | — | — | 0 | [82] |
| Yehud | Late Chalcolithic | 7 | 1 | 1 | 0 | current study |
| Total | 467 | 33b | 7 | 14 |