Table 2. Dietary intakes of patients with diabetic nephropathy by tertiles of Fast Food Consumption*.
| Variables | FFC tertiles | P value | ||
| First tertile (n=133) | Second tertile (n=132) | Third tertile (n=132) | ||
| Energy (kcal/d) | 2189.76 ± 286.54 | 2150.92 ± 263.75 | 2238.52 ± 311.32 | 0.04 |
| Fast food (g/w) | 121 ± 35 | 129 ± 60 | 135 ± 16 | < 0.001 |
| Protein (g/d) | 73.44 ± 25.29 | 87.68 ± 24.86 | 113.24 ± 30.76 | < 0.001 |
| Model 1 | 73.44 ± 27.19 | 87.88 ± 27.39 | 113.05 ± 27.29 | < 0.001 |
| Fat (g/d) | 60.83 ± 31.76 | 70.56 ± 37.42 | 87.71 ± 42.38 | < 0.001 |
| Model 1 | 60.75 ± 37.57 | 70.82 ± 37.58 | 87.53 ± 37.70 | < 0.001 |
| Carbohydrate (g/d) | 312.69 ± 117.87 | 313.03 ± 84.34 | 353.57 ± 98.34 | < 0.01 |
| Model 1 | 313.02 ± 101.48 | 313.20 ± 102.22 | 353.07 ± 101.82 | 0.001 |
| Cholesterol (mg/d) | 147.82 ± 65.40 | 187.61 ± 66.37 | 257.27 ± 91.00 | < 0.001 |
| Model 1 | 147.81 ± 75.50 | 187.68 ± 76.06 | 257.23 ± 75.75 | < 0.001 |
| Vitamin C (mg/d) | 158.51 ± 98.77 | 151.32 ± 98.44 | 190.07 ± 125.33 | 0.01 |
| Model 1 | 158.75 ± 108.00 | 152.93 ± 108.29 | 188.22 ± 108.35 | 0.02 |
| Saturated Fat (g/d) | 19.22 ± 12.52 | 21.61 ± 13.24 | 27.65 ± 16.21 | < 0.001 |
| Model 1 | 19.26 ± 14.13 | 21.56 ± 14.18 | 27.67 ± 14.18 | < 0.001 |
| Mono fat | 18.10 ± 10.68 | 22.01 ± 12.09 | 28.32 ± 15.77 | < 0.001 |
| Model 1 | 18.12 ± 13.08 | 22.03 ± 13.18 | 28.29 ± 13.12 | < 0.001 |
| Oleic fat | 14.22 ± 9.52 | 17.47 ± 11.23 | 22.95 ± 14.80 | < 0.001 |
| Model 1 | 14.22 ± 12.10 | 17.52 ± 12.19 | 22.90 ± 12.14 | < 0.001 |
| Poly Fat (g/d) | 14.66 ± 7.21 | 17.59 ± 12.07 | 20.79 ± 13.47 | < 0.001 |
| Model 1 | 14.62 ± 11.28 | 17.69 ± 11.35 | 20.74 ± 11.32 | < 0.001 |
| iron (mg/d) | 12.36 ± 6.00 | 13.31 ± 4.72 | 15.95 ± 4.73 | < 0.001 |
| Model 1 | 12.34 ± 5.19 | 13.41 ± 5.23 | 12.86 ± 5.20 | < 0.001 |
| Zinc (mg/d) | 7.85 ± 2.52 | 8.98 ± 3.25 | 10.69 ± 3.23 | < 0.001 |
| Model 1 | 7.85 ± 3.03 | 9.01 ± 3.06 | 10.67 ± 3.04 | < 0.001 |
| Magnesium (mg/d) | 248.99 ± 97.25 | 306.70 ± 113.91 | 363.26 ± 114.44 | < 0.001 |
| Model 1 | 284.75 ± 109.11 | 308.02 ± 109.90 | 362.19 ± 109.47 | < 0.001 |
| Manganese (mg/d) | 3.23 ± 1.26 | 3.58 ± 1.53 | 3.46 ± 1.05 | 0.07 |
| Model 1 | 3.23 ± 1.30 | 3.59 ± 1.31 | 3.46 ± 1.30 | 0.08 |
| Vitamin A (mcg/d) | 1087.22 ± 1617.48 | 902.05 ± 552.88 | 1039.36 ± 475.01 | 0.31 |
| Model 1 | 1083.87 ± 1023.73 | 926.46 ± 1031.21 | 1018.33 ± 1027.12 | 0.46 |
| Beta-carotene (UA/d) | 860.84 ± 634.93 | 810.68 ± 640.72 | 880.26 ± 514.77 | 0.62 |
| Model 1 | 856.01 ± 597.66 | 828.10 ± 602.03 | 867.72 ± 599.64 | 0.86 |
| A-Tocopherol (mg/d) | 5.87 ± 2.32 | 6.64 ± 3.66 | 7.17 ± 2.90 | < 0.01 |
| Model 1 | 5.87 ± 3.02 | 6.65 ± 3.04 | 7.17 ± 3.03 | < 0.01 |
| Dietary fiber (g/d) | 16.72 ± 7.54 | 17.68 ± 13.66 | 19.57 ± 8.07 | 0.07 |
| Model 1 | 16.73 ± 10.18 | 17.71 ± 10.25 | 19.53 ± 10.21 | 0.08 |
| Soluble Fiber (g/d) | 0.73 ± 0.62 | 0.66 ± 0.32 | 0.77 ± 0.45 | 0.21 |
| Model 1 | 0.73 ± 0.48 | 0.67 ± 0.48 | 0.77 ± 0.48 | 0.28 |
| Crude Fiber (g/d) | 5.11 ± 3.44 | 5.30 ± 4.44 | 5.98 ± 2.31 | 0.11 |
| Model 1 | 5.12 ± 3.52 | 5.30 ± 3.55 | 5.98 ± 3.54 | 0.12 |
| P (mg/d) | 1395.04 ± 493.85 | 1529.23 ± 565.81 | 1859.05 ± 586.74 | < 0.001 |
| Model 1 | 1393.77 ± 552.23 | 1533.57 ± 556.26 | 1855.99 ± 554.05 | < 0.001 |
| K (mg/d) | 3133.36 ± 1352.20 | 3319.62 ± 1198.52 | 3860.54 ± 1273.22 | < 0.001 |
| Model 1 | 3133.68 ± 1277.70 | 3336.46 ± 1287.03 | 3843.40 ± 1281.92 | < 0.001 |
| Ca (mg/d) | 1066.87 ± 447.02 | 1107.73 ± 509.97 | 1247.36 ± 507.14 | < 0.01 |
| Model 1 | 1065.99 ± 490.24 | 1113.30 ± 493.81 | 1242.69 ± 491.86 | 0.01 |
| copper (mg/d) | 1.42 ± 0.48 | 1.61 ± 0.65 | 1.81 ± 0.66 | < 0.001 |
| Model 1 | 1.43 ± 0.60 | 1.61 ± 0.61 | 1.81 ± 0.61 | < 0.001 |
| Na (mg/d) | 6670.79 ± 7164.33 | 5360.98 ± 4231.84 | 7778.23 ± 8679.32 | 0.02 |
| Model 1 | 6717.35 ± 6881.91 | 5457.61 ± 6932.14 | 7634.70 ± 6904.62 | 0.04 |
| B1 (mg/d) | 1.40 ± 0.60 | 1.46 ± 0.62 | 1.64 ± 0.45 | < 0.001 |
| Model 1 | 1.40 ± 0.57 | 1.47 ± 0.56 | 1.64 ± 0.56 | 0.003 |
| B2 (mg/d) | 2.13 ± 0.88 | 2.29 ± 0.83 | 2.58 ± 0.83 | < 0.001 |
| Model 1 | 2.13 ± 0.85 | 2.31 ± 0.86 | 2.57 ± 0.86 | < 0.001 |
| B3 (mg/d) | 16.24 ± 7.86 | 19.72 ± 8.37 | 26.21 ± 8.84 | < 0.001 |
| Model 1 | 16.27 ± 8.40 | 19.57 ± 8.46 | 26.16 ± 8.42 | < 0.001 |
| B6 (mg/d) | 1.45 ± 0.69 | 1.58 ± 0.58 | 2.09 ± 0.66 | < 0.001 |
| Model 1 | 1.45 ± 0.65 | 1.60 ± 0.65 | 2.07 ± 0.64 | < 0.001 |
| Folate (mcg/d) | 302.01 ± 150.57 | 302.11 ± 145.54 | 343.42 ± 117.55 | 0.02 |
| Model 1 | 301.33 ± 138.44 | 305.50 ± 139.44 | 340.72 ± 138.89 | 0.04 |
| B12 (mcg/d) | 3.67 ± 4.11 | 4.65 ± 2.79 | 6.02 ± 4.69 | < 0.001 |
| Model 1 | 3.68 ± 3.94 | 4.68 ± 3.98 | 5.98 ± 3.96 | < 0.001 |
DN, diabetic neuropathy
* Values are mean ± SD.
† P-values were calculated by ANOVA in all unadjusted models and generalized linear model analysis of covariance in adjusted model that nutrients were adjusted for age and total energy intake.