Table 2.
Candidate circulating biomarkers for prediction of DOX-induced cardiotoxicity
| Biomarker | Function |
|---|---|
| CCL23 | Elevated in coronary atherosclerosis [151] |
| Promising biomarker of injury in patients with ischemic stroke through upregulation of TNF-α [152] | |
| Elevated in autoimmune diseases (psoriasis and eczema) [153] | |
| CCL27 | Associated with diminished kidney transplant and autoimmune disease (psoriasis and eczema) [154] |
| MIF | Elevated in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury [155] |
| Upregulated during the progression of atherosclerosis [156] | |
| Elevated in myocardial infarction and inflammatory diseases [157] | |
| PGLYRP1 (Tag7, PGRP1) | Increased gene expression and protein levels in patients with myocardial infarction [158] |
| Present in atherosclerotic plaques [159] | |
| Circulating levels were independently associated with coronary and peripheral atherosclerosis [160,161] | |
| Elevated circulating levels predicted poor outcome in patients with HF [162] | |
| Marker of coronary artery disease and HF [163] | |
| CAMP (hCAP-18/LL-37) (Cramp in mouse) | Associated with acute HF rodents [164] |
| Presence in human atherosclerotic plaques [165,166] | |
| Associated with platelet activation and induction of thrombosis [167] | |
| Produced in atherosclerotic lesions, where it may function as an immune modulator [168] | |
| MMP9 | Involved in plaque destabilization resulting in acute coronary syndrome and stroke [169,170] |
| Elevated circulating levels predicted poor outcome in acute coronary syndrome [171] | |
| Role in remodeling atherosclerotic plaques in myocardial infarction [172] | |
| Higher levels associated with acute coronary syndrome [173-176] | |
| MMP8 | Circulating levels correlate with acute coronary syndrome [177] |
| Baseline serum is a significant predictor of LV remodeling and cardiovascular outcome after myocardial infarction [178] | |
| Serum levels associated with subclinical atherosclerosis [179] | |
| MPO | Circulating levels correlate with acute coronary syndrome [180,181] |
| Marker of ischemic heart disease and acute coronary syndrome [182] | |
| Associated with a risk of coronary artery disease [183] | |
| Serum levels predict acute coronary syndrome [184] | |
| Circulating levels appeared as a strong independent marker of coronary artery disease [185] | |
| Potential biomarker of the risk for a subsequent cardiac dysfunction in cancer patients [186] | |
| DEFA 1-4, human neutrophil peptidases (HNPs) | Exert pro-atherosclerotic properties by promoting monocyte adhesion, platelet activation, and foam cell formation [187] |
| Significantly increased in acute coronary syndrome and sepsis [187] | |
| CEACAM8 (CD66b) (Ly6G in mice) | Upregulation in granulocytes polymorphonuclear leukocytes was a risk factor for atherothrombosis [188] |
| Mice treated with anti-LY6G to deplete neutrophils were protected against CD8+ T-cell-dependent myocarditis [189] | |
| TM | Facilitates the thrombin-mediated activation of protein C and plays role in coagulation, fibrinolysis and inflammation [190] |
| Marker of generalized endothelial injury [191] | |
| Elevated circulating levels in intravascular coagulation and venous thrombosis [192] | |
| Circulating levels predict the risk of coronary heart disease [193,194] | |
| OLR1 (LOX-1) | Marker of atherosclerosis and vasculopathy [195] |
| Marker of coronary artery disease, stroke, and acute aortic dissection [196] | |
| Correlate with acute coronary syndrome [197] | |
| Elevated in hypertensive rats [198] | |
| Upregulated during myocardial ischemia-reperfusion [199] | |
| Expressed in atherosclerotic lesions [200] | |
| Markers of NETs | Elevated circulating levels independently associated with severe coronary atherosclerosis and a prothrombotic state [201] |
| Presence in human coronary and ischemic stroke thrombi [202] | |
| Biomarker of STEMI myocardial infarction [203,204] | |
| Biomarker of acute ischemic stroke, coronary and peripheral artery disease [205] | |
| Markers of acute myocardial infarction [206] | |
| Activate ECs and platelets, resulting in endothelial dysfunction, proinflammatory immune response, and thrombotic lesions [207,208] | |
| Presence in atherosclerotic lesions [209] | |
| Increase with age [210] | |
| TAT complex | Diagnosis of hypercoagulability [211] |
| Diagnosis and assessment of treatment-induced intravascular coagulation, deep vein thrombosis, and pulmonary thromboembolism [212,213] | |
| Elevated circulating levels associated with coronary artery disease [214] | |
| Increased plasma levels associated with atrial fibrillation [215] | |
| CRP | A well-known marker of inflammation [216] and endothelial dysfunction [217,218] |
| Marker of coronary artery disease [219] | |
| Serum levels correlate with severity of coronary artery lesions [220] | |
| Associated with atherothrombosis [221] | |
| Predict cardiovascular disease [222] | |
| Marker of early vascular aging [223] | |
| vWF | Elevated plasma levels associated with myocardial infarction [224], coronary artery disease [225] and ischemic stroke [226] |
| P-selectin | Promotes acute myocardial infarction [227] |
| Associated with atherothrombosis [228] | |
| hsa-mir-1 | Downregulated in cardiac hypertrophy [229] |
| Has-mir-16-5p | Aggravates myocardial infarction injury by targeting IRS1 [230] |
| hsa-mir133a | Downregulated in cardiac hypertrophy [231] |
| hsa-miR-92 | Upregulated in dilated cardiomyopathy [232] |
| hsa-mir-34a | Upregulation in myocardial infarction [233] |
| Has-mir-15a | Upregulated in myocardial ischemia [234] |
| hsa-mir-30 | Downregulated in dilated cardiomyopathy [235] |