Figure 2. Trends in Cardiovascular Risk Factors by Race and Ethnicity in US Adults.
Trends in (A) mean body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) (all P < .001 for linear trend); (B) mean systolic blood pressure (P = .001 for linear trend, P < .001 for nonlinear trend, P = .003 for nonlinear trend, and P = .002 for nonlinear trend in Asian, Black, Hispanic, and White individuals, respectively); (C) mean hemoglobin A1c (P = .26 for trend in Asian individuals; for all others, P < .001 for linear trend); (D) mean serum total cholesterol (to convert to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0259) (P = .76 for linear trend in Asian individuals; for all others, P < .001 for linear trend); (E) prevalence of current cigarette smoking (P > .05 for trend in Asian and Black individuals; P < .001 for linear trend in Hispanic and White individuals); and (F) mean estimated 10-year risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) (P = .26 for trend, P = .03 for nonlinear trend, P = .02 for linear trend, and P < .001 for linear trend in Asian, Black, Hispanic, and White individuals, respectively). The 10-year risk of ASCVD was calculated using the Pooled Cohort Equations among individuals without a self-reported history of cardiovascular disease. The probability of developing ASCVD over 10 years ranged from 0% to 100%. All estimates were standardized to the 2000 US Census population using 6 age and sex categories: men aged 20-39, 40-59, and ≥60 years and women aged 20-39, 40-59, and ≥60 years. Linear and polynomial models were used to test linear and nonlinear trends. The homogeneity of trends among racial and ethnic subgroups was tested using an interaction term of time × race and ethnicity in the regression models. Error bars indicate 95% CIs.