. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Nov 1.

Published in final edited form as: Clin Geriatr Med. 2021 Nov;37(4):625–638. doi: 10.1016/j.cger.2021.05.008

Table 1. Sex-specific associations in pre-frailty, frailty and frailty-associated adverse outcomes.

Please note that other adverse outcomes including readmission rate, ED visits, hospital admissions are not shown as those outcomes have not yet been shown to have sex-specific associations.

		Finding	Reference
	Pre-frailty Prevalence	Women > Men Women: 15% (95% CI, 14-17%; n = 143, I² = 99%; P < 0.005) Men: 11% (95% CI, 10-12%; n = 145, I² = 97%; P < 0.005)	Meta-analysis (O’Caoimh et al. 2020)
	Pre-frailty Prevalence	Women: 39.0% (95% CI, 38.1-39.9%) Men: 37.3% (95% CI, 36.6-38.0%; v2 = 8,629, df = 1, P = 0.003)	Systematic Review (Collard et al. 2012)
	Frailty Prevalence	Women > Men Women: 9.6% (95% CI, 9.2-10%) Men: 5.2% (95% CI, 4.9-5.5%; P < 0.001)	Systematic Review (Collard et al. 2012)
	Frailty Prevalence	Women: 49% (95% CI, 14-17%; P < 0.005) Men: 45% (95% CI, 44-47%; n = 119, I² = 97%; P < 0.005)	Meta-analysis (O’Caoimh et al. 2020)
Frailty-associated adverse outcomes	Survival	1) HR 0.43 (95% CI, 0.299-0.561), P < 0.0001 2) Survival rate of women > men independent of frailty status	1) Observational, 10 yr longitudinal study (Corbi et al. 2019) 2) Secondary analysis of the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) (*Theou et al. 2014)
Frailty-associated adverse outcomes	Mortality	Mortality rate lower in women vs. men (up to age 90, after which mortality rate increases to above 30% in women).	Meta-analysis (Gordon et al. 2017)