Table 3.

Estimates of effects of PFR on outcomes at infant age 6 and 12 months

	Infant age 6 months					Infant; age 12 months
	b	(SE)	95% CI	p	d	b	(SE)	95% CI	p	d
Primary caregiver outcomes
Parent sensitivity	1.24	(0.63)	[0.01, 2.48]	.048	0.25	1.28	(0.58)	[0.15, 2.41]	.026	0.26
Dyadic synchrony	0.01	(0.29)	[−0.57, 0.58]	.981	0.00	0.43	(0.30)	[−0.16, 1.01]	.154	0.19
Understanding of toddlers	1.06	(0.49)	[0.10, 2.01]	.030	0.21	2.32	(0.50)	[1.35, 3.30]	<.001	0.45
Maternal confidence	0.05	(0.03)	[−0.01, 0.12]	.101	0.12	0.02	(0.04)	[−0.05, 0.09]	.516	0.05
Secondary infant outcomes
Difficultness	0.10	(0.25)	[−0.40, 0.60]	.693	−0.03	−0.49	(0.29)	[−1.06, 0.08]	.094	0.16
Externalizing behavior						−3.27	(150)	[−6.21, −0.34]	.029	0.28
Internalizing behavior						−1.22	(142)	[−4.00, 1.56]	.389	0.11
Dysregulation						−0.56	(1.74)	[−3.97, 2.85]	.747	0.04

Note. N = 252. PFR = Promoting First Relationships. b = unstandardized coefficient for PFR effect. Multiple regression models included covariates for preferred language (English v. Spanish) and the baseline measure when available. d = effect size calculated as the b divided by the pooled standard deviation of the measure at baseline (when available) or at follow-up (when baseline not available); the sign of d indicates whether the estimate of the PFR effect is in the desired direction (e.g., a positive sign indicates a desired effect of increasing parent sensitivity or reducing infant externalizing behavior). Parent sensitivity was measured by the Nursing Child Assessment Teaching Scale observational tool. Dyadic synchrony and infant difficultness were measured by the Infant CARE-Index observational tool. Understanding of toddlers was measured by the Raising a Baby parent-report tool. Maternal confidence was measured by the Maternal Confidence Questionnaire parent-report tool. Infant externalizing behavior, internalizing behavior, and dysregulation were measured by the Infant Toddler Social Emotional Assessment parent-report tool.