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. 2021 Sep 22;12:690453. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2021.690453

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Copyright © 2021 Arno, Quan, Nguyen, Vanmarcke, Tolkacheva and Dierckx.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Classical phase analysis of cardiac rotors. (A) Circular-core rotor with Aliev-Panfilov kinetics (Aliev and Panfilov, 1996), where in each point an activation variable u and a recovery variable v are defined. (B) Two observables of the system, V = u and R = v plotted against each other reveal a cycle corresponding to the action potential. The polar angle with respect to a point (V_*, R_*) situated within the cycle serves as a definition of activation phase. (C) Coloring the rotor using phase and a periodic colormap reveals a special point where all phases meet, the phase singularity (PS), see white dot. This point has V = V_*, R = R_*.