Table 3.
Demographic characteristics, health status, pandemic stressors, and delayed care by depression.
| Characteristics | All (N=3246a) | Participants without major depression (n=2840, 91.2%) | Participants with major depression (n=274, 8.8%) | P valueb | ||||||
| Demographics |
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Age, n (%) |
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<.001 | |||||
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30-64 years | 1356 (41.8) | 1179 (41.5) | 151 (55.1) |
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≥65 years | 1890 (58.2) | 1661 (58.5) | 123 (44.9) |
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Gender, n (%) |
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<.001 | |||||
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Male | 866 (43.2) | 774 (43.9) | 62 (31.0) |
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Female | 1137 (56.8) | 990 (56.1) | 138 (69.0) |
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Education, n (%) |
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.97 | |||||
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|
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High school graduate or below | 869 (43.4) | 759 (43.0) | 88 (44.0) |
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Some college or above | 1134 (56.6) | 1005 (57.0) | 112 (56.0) |
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Race, n (%) |
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|
.98 | |||||
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|
White/Caucasian | 1146 (57.5) | 1011 (57.6) | 114 (57.3) |
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Black/African American | 520 (26.1) | 456 (26.0) | 53 (26.6) |
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Other | 326 (16.4) | 287 (16.4) | 32 (16.1) |
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Ethnicity, n (%) |
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.38 | |||||
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Non-Hispanic | 1583 (79.2) | 1386 (78.7) | 162 (81.4) |
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Hispanic | 416 (20.8) | 375 (21.3) | 37 (18.6) |
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| Health status |
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Self-reported health status (range 1-5), mean (SD) | 3.08 (1.01) | 3.17 (1.98) | 2.48 (1.05) | <.001 | |||||
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Physical chronic conditions (range 0-8), mean (SD) | 2.42 (1.53) | 2.35 (1.50) | 3.04 (1.64) | <.001 | |||||
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Self-reported pain (range 0-3), mean (SD) | 0.78 (1.03) | 0.70 (0.98) | 1.49 (1.18) | <.001 | |||||
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Pain medication use, n (%) |
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<.001 | |||||
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No | 1014 (31.4) | 913 (32.3) | 57 (20.9) |
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Yes | 2214 (68.6) | 1913 (67.7) | 216 (79.1) |
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| Pandemic stressors |
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Perceived more loneliness, n (%) |
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<.001 | |||||
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No | 1537 (73.9) | 1424 (75.5) | 79 (52.7) |
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Yes | 542 (26.1) | 462 (24.5) | 71 (47.3) |
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Perceived less in-person contact, n (%) |
|
|
|
.001 | |||||
|
|
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No | 1276 (61.1) | 1173 (61.8) | 72 (48.3) |
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Yes | 813 (38.9) | 724 (38.2) | 77 (51.7) |
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Anyone they know died from COVID, n (%) |
|
|
|
.85 | |||||
|
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No | 2593 (80.2) | 2262 (80.0) | 217 (79.5) |
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||||
|
|
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Yes | 641 (19.8) | 567 (20.0) | 56 (20.5) |
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Financial difficulty (range 1-5), mean (SD) | 1.76 (0.93) | 1.72 (0.90) | 2.21 (1.21) | <.001 | |||||
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COVID concern (range 1-10), mean (SD) | 7.86 (2.59) | 7.82 (2.59) | 8.25 (2.50) | .009 | |||||
| Delayed care |
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Delayed surgery, n (%) |
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<.001 | |||||
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No | 3091 (95.8) | 2723 (96.4) | 241 (89.3) |
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Yes | 135 (4.2) | 103 (3.6) | 29 (10.7) |
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Delayed seeing a doctor, n (%) |
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<.001 | |||||
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|
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No | 2665 (82.6) | 2369 (83.9) | 174 (64.2) |
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||||
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Yes | 560 (17.4) | 455 (16.1) | 97 (35.8) |
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Delayed dental care, n (%) |
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<.001 | |||||
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|
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No | 2526 (78.2) | 2233 (79.0) | 172 (63.5) |
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||||
|
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Yes | 704 (21.8) | 595 (21.0) | 99 (36.5) |
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Delayed other care, n (%) |
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|
|
<.001 | |||||
|
|
|
No | 3009 (93.2) | 2657 (94.0) | 223 (82.3) |
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|
|
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Yes | 220 (6.8) | 170 (6.0) | 48 (17.7) |
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aThe total sample size of the study may not be the same as the total sample size of the survey due to missing values.
bWe performed the t test for continuous variables and the χ2 test for categorical variables.