Table 3.
Cross-country differences in stress, anxiety, and depression across insomnia groups (unadjusted and adjusted analyses).
| Unadjusted | Adjusted | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD | ANOVA F | Mean ± SE | ANOVA F | |||||||||
| Post-Pandemic Insomnia | Pre-existing Insomnia | No Insomnia Symptoms | Insomnia (I) | Country (C) | I × C | Post-Pandemic Insomniaa | Pre-existing Insomniaa | No Insomnia Symptomsa | Insomnia (I) | Country (C) | I × C | |
| Stress | 101.32* | 14.03* | 2.25 | 135.44* | 2.25 | 1.75 | ||||||
| Australia | 20.97 ± 6.68 | 18.98 ± 7.18 | 14.09 ± 6.91 | 21.88 ± 0.59 | 19.21 ± 0.56 | 14.54 ± 0.91 | ||||||
| UK | 21.66 ± 6.73 | 17.94 ± 7.12 | 13.90 ± 6.54 | 22.01 ± 0.52 | 18.77 ± 0.53 | 14.72 ± 0.32 | ||||||
| India | 21.13 ± 6.11 | 20.94 ± 7.12 | 16.51 ± 7.60 | 21.28 ± 0.82 | 20.52 ± 0.96 | 16.43 ± 0.74 | ||||||
| SA | 23.03 ± 6.72 | 23.15 ± 7.24 | 18.93 ± 7.41 | 21.28 ± 0.55 | 21.70 ± 0.68 | 18.33 ± 1.11 | ||||||
| Ireland | 21.53 ± 5.12 | 18.87 ± 7.03 | 14.07 ± 6.83 | 22.04 ± 0.94 | 19.28 ± 1.14 | 15.64 ± 1.37 | ||||||
| Other | 21.50 ± 6.50 | 20.36 ± 6.88 | 15.47 ± 7.09 | 21.36 ± 0.47 | 20.00 ± 0.62 | 15.41 ± 0.70 | ||||||
| Anxiety | 97.24* | 12.16* | 1.59 | 130.93* | 2.25 | 1.49 | ||||||
| Australia | 47.58 ± 14.04 | 41.53 ± 13.37 | 33.14 ± 11.83 | 47.61 ± 1.20 | 42.24 ± 1.12 | 33.98 ± 1.85 | ||||||
| UK | 45.41 ± 13.67 | 39.59 ± 13.12 | 32.10 ± 11.07 | 46.37 ± 1.05 | 40.95 ± 1.07 | 33.33 ± 0.66 | ||||||
| India | 49.27 ± 15.29 | 47.85 ± 15.26 | 35.62 ± 13.11 | 47.80 ± 1.67 | 47.42 ± 1.93 | 35.25 ± 1.50 | ||||||
| SA | 48.39 ± 14.18 | 49.22 ± 15.26 | 39.67 ± 17.81 | 45.35 ± 1.11 | 46.63 ± 1.37 | 38.23 ± 0.24 | ||||||
| Ireland | 44.67 ± 11.36 | 41.21 ± 15.26 | 32.69 ± 12.54 | 45.43 ± 1.90 | 41.67 ± 2.28 | 34.36 ± 2.77 | ||||||
| Other | 47.51 ± 14.01 | 44.95 ± 14.28 | 35.02 ± 14.26 | 47.58 ± 0.96 | 44.33 ± 1.26 | 35.28 ± 1.40 | ||||||
| Depression | 142.73* | 15.06* | 1.60 | 209.14* | 2.34 | 1.99 | ||||||
| Australia | 11.49 ± 6.09 | 9.62 ± 6.07 | 4.22 ± 4.71 | 11.56 ± 0.48 | 9.62 ± 0.45 | 4.35 ± 0.75 | ||||||
| UK | 10.48 ± 6.00 | 8.74 ± 5.89 | 3.97 ± 3.89 | 11.06 ± 0.42 | 9.49 ± 0.43 | 4.71 ± 0.27 | ||||||
| India | 11.51 ± 5.85 | 11.13 ± 6.24 | 5.20 ± 5.34 | 11.27 ± 0.67 | 10.37 ± 0.78 | 4.92 ± 0.61 | ||||||
| SA | 12.43 ± 6.09 | 13.33 ± 6.82 | 8.18 ± 7.22 | 11.05 ± 0.45 | 12.07 ± 0.55 | 7.76 ± 0.90 | ||||||
| Ireland | 10.31 ± 6.03 | 10.23 ± 5.88 | 4.11 ± 4.25 | 10.93 ± 0.77 | 10.01 ± 0.92 | 5.31 ± 1.12 | ||||||
| Other | 11.49 ± 5.98 | 9.86 ± 5.75 | 5.40 ± 5.25 | 11.37 ± 0.39 | 9.20 ± 0.51 | 5.35 ± 0.57 | ||||||
aAdjusted analysis included the covariates age, sex, employment, education, sleep medication use, and finances impacted (OxCGRT not included as a covariate in this analysis). *P < .01. ANOVA = analysis of variance, OxCGRT = Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker, SA = South Africa, SD = standard deviation, SE = standard error, UK = United Kingdom.