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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2021 Sep 1;37(5):532–538. doi: 10.1097/MOG.0000000000000770

Table 2:

Biomarkers and approaches in development for the early detection of pancreatic cancer

Biological fluid-based biomarker approaches Cyst fluid Monoclonal antibody Das-1 48
KRAS/GNAS/TP53/PIK3CA/PTEN gene mutation 43
Methylated TBX15 and BMP3 47
Pancreatic juice Methylated C13orf18, FER1L4, and BMP3 57
Blood -CA 19–9 (in a multi-marker panel) 54
-Thrombospondin 2 (THBS2) 53
-CancerSEEK: A panel of proteins and mutations in cfDNA59
-Plasma methylated DNA markers 52
Urine Protein panel including LYVE-1, REG1A, and TFF160
Stool Proteobacterial and Firmicutes microbial dominance in early stages of PDAC 61
Other novel approaches END-PAC model Score derived in individuals with new-onset diabetes mellitus using change in body weight, change in blood glucose, and age at onset of diabetes 28
CompCyst Supervised machine-learning model incorporating clinical and imaging features, cyst fluid genetic and biochemical markers 49
EUS-based artificial intelligence models -Detecting advanced neoplasia in pancreatic cysts 42
-Differentiating PDAC from pancreatitis 34