. 2021 Aug 25;10(9):1200–1211. doi: 10.1530/EC-21-0273
This work is licensed under a Table 1.
Descriptive characteristics of the study population, overall and by sex. Dietary intake and clinical parameters are expressed as median (IQR).
| Chemerin (ng/mL), median (IQR) | Total, n = 2433 | Men, n = 939 | Women, n = 1494 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 147.6 (125.6, 172.4) | 145.6 (126.5, 170.2) | 147.6 (125.6, 172.1) | ||
| Socio-demographic factors | ||||
| Age (years), mean (s.d.) | 50.3 (9.0) | 52.4 (8.1) | 49.0 (9.3) | |
| Education | University degree, n (%) | 935 (38.4) | 496 (52.8) | 439 (29.4) |
| Health status | ||||
| Prevalent condition | Cardiovascular disease and/or hypertension, n (%) | 1270 (52.2) | 624 (66.5) | 646 (43.2) |
| Type 2 diabetes and/or cancer, n (%) | 249 (10.3) | 100 (10.7) | 149 (10) | |
| Medication use | Antihypertensive, anti-coagulant, lipid-lowering, n (%) | 632 (26.0) | 291 (31.0) | 341 (22.9) |
| Aspirin, n (%) | 246 (10.1) | 89 (9.5) | 157 (10.5) | |
| Anti-diabetic, n (%) | 58 (2.4) | 36 (3.8) | 22 (1.5) | |
| Lifestyle-associated factors | ||||
| Obesity measures | Body mass index (kg/m²), mean (s.d.) | 26.1 (4.3) | 26.8 (3.5) | 25.7 (4.6) |
| Waist circumference (cm), mean (s.d.) | 85.8 (12.8) | 94.2 (9.9) | 80.6 (11.6) | |
| Physical activity | Recreational sports (h/week), median (IQR) | 4.5 (2.0, 8.0) | 5.5 (2.5, 9.5) | 4.0 (2.0, 7.5) |
| Inactive, n (%) | 596 (24.7) | 220 (23.5) | 376 (25.4) | |
| Smoking | Ever smoker, n (%) | 1290 (53.0) | 665 (70.8) | 625 (41.8) |
| Alcohol consumption | Intake of consumers (g/day), median (IQR) | 8.5 (3.1, 20.1) | 18.4 (8.6, 32.5) | 5.2 (2.1, 10.6) |
| Non-consumers, n (%) | 72 (3.0) | 32 (3.4) | 40 (2.7) | |
| Light and moderate drinkers (<15 g/day women; <30 g/day men), n (%) | 1859 (76.5) | 665 (70.8) | 1194 (80.0) | |
| Heavy drinkers (≥15 g/day women; ≥30 g/day men), n (%) | 502 (20.6) | 242 (25.8) | 260 (17.4) | |
| Sleeping duration | Short (<7 h/day), n (%) | 609 (25.0) | 249 (26.5) | 360 (24.1) |
| Long (>8 h/day), n (%) | 303 (12.5) | 114 (12.1) | 189 (12.6) | |
| Self-reported well-being | Health satisfaction – Dissatisfied, n (%) | 432 (17.8) | 141 (15.0) | 291 (19.5) |
| Dietary factors | ||||
| Processed meat (g/day) | 49.8 (31.6, 76.3) | 63.4 (45.4, 101.3) | 43.0 (25.1, 59.9) | |
| Red meat (g/day) | 36.5 (23.3, 54.7) | 47.7 (32.5, 69.8) | 31.7 (19.3, 45.5) | |
| Fish (g/day) | 18.4 (9.9, 29.0) | 23.0 (11.2, 34.8) | 16.4 (9.0, 28.5) | |
| Dairy (g/day) | 170.9 (94.5, 276.7) | 148.8 (73.6, 251.8) | 191.7 (106.7, 310.5) | |
| Eggs (g/day) | 13.6 (9.0, 21.9) | 16.0 (9.0, 25.3) | 13.6 (7.8, 20.7) | |
| Legumes (g/day) | 16.5 (9.1, 30.3) | 21.6 (11.0, 38.6) | 13.9 (8.0, 26.3) | |
| Vegetables (g/day) | 93.1 (66.5, 127.1) | 83.1 (59.4, 114.4) | 98.9 (71.1, 134.9) | |
| Fruits (g/day) | 122.4 (91.5, 202.3) | 107.9 (82.0, 180.9) | 140.5 (96.4, 215.6) | |
| Nuts (g/day) | 0.8 (0.4, 4.1) | 0.8 (0.4, 4.1) | 0.8 (0.4, 4.1) | |
| Whole grains (g/day) | 32.0 (8.7, 75.1) | 22.1 (5.5, 63.0) | 37.4 (11.3, 82.0) | |
| Refined grains (g/day) | 134.1 (86.3, 190.5) | 175.9 (119.8, 231.7) | 112.4 (72.5, 160.5) | |
| Sugar-sweetened beverages (g/day) | 1.4 (0.0, 24.7) | 5.6 (0.0, 48.3) | 0.0 (0.0, 9.7) | |
| Metabolic factors | ||||
| Chronic inflammation | hs-CRP (µg/mL) | 0.8 (0.2, 2.2) | 0.7 (0.2, 1.8) | 0.9 (0.2, 2.6) |
| Lipid metabolism | Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.3 (4.6, 6.0) | 5.4 (4.8, 6.1) | 5.1 (4.5, 5.9) |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 3.1 (2.5, 3.7) | 3.2 (2.7, 3.8) | 3.0 (2.4, 3.6) | |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.4 (1.2, 1.7) | 1.3 (1.1, 1.5) | 1.5 (1.3, 1.8) | |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.2 (0.9, 1.8) | 1.6 (1.1, 2.3) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.5) | |
| Liver function | FLI | 0.5 (0.1, 2.1) | 1.5 (0.5, 4.1) | 0.2 (0.1, 0.8) |
| ALT (U/L) | 20.0 (15.0, 28.0) | 27.0 (20.0, 38.0) | 17.0 (14.0, 22.0) | |
| Kidney function | GGT (U/L) | 18.0 (12.0, 33.0) | 28.0 (18.0, 48.0) | 14.0 (9.0, 22.0) |
| Uric acid (mg/dL) | 4.5 (3.7, 5.5) | 5.6 (4.8, 6.3) | 4.1 (3.4, 4.8) | |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.8 (0.7, 1.0) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.1) | 0.8 (0.7, 0.8) | |
| eGFR (mL/min per 1.73 m2) | 91.1 (79.7, 101.0) | 91.0 (80.4, 99.8) | 91.1 (79.5, 101.7) | |
| Blood pressure | Systolic (mmHg), mean (s.d.) | 129.3 (17.6) | 135.3 (17.1) | 125.6 (16.8) |
| Diastolic (mmHg), mean (s.d.) | 83.7 (10.6) | 86.8 (10.7) | 81.7 (10.0) |
ALT, alanine aminotransferase; BP, blood pressure; CRP, C-reactive protein; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; FLI, fatty liver index; g, grams; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transferase; h, hour; hs, high-sensitivity; IQR, interquartile range.