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. 2021 Jun 25;93:107268. doi: 10.1016/j.compeleceng.2021.107268

Table 1.

Instrument design for student engagement

Factors Theoretical elements of engagement
Interaction with peers and faculty Learning with peers (McCormick, Gonyea & Kinzie, 2013)
Experiences with faculty (McCormick, Gonyea & Kinzie, 2013)
Structure and educational environment Campus environment (McCormick, Gonyea & Kinzie, 2013)
Structure-dependent engagement (Bangert-Drowns & Pyke, 2001)
Adaptive cognition (Martin, 2007)
Impeding/maladaptive cognition (Martin, 2007)
Emotion and behavior Emotional (Skinner et al., 2009)
Behavioral Disaffection (Skinner et al., 2009)