Table 2.
Adjusted ORs (AORs) of in-hospital mortality among patients with COVID-19 admitted between March 2020 and February 2021
| Characteristic | All hospitalised patients (N=38 104) | Patients with an ICU stay (N=16 756) | ||||
| AOR | 95% CI | P value | AOR | 95% CI | P value | |
| Month admitted | ||||||
| Mar–Apr | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| May–Jun | 0.66 | 0.55 to 0.79 | <0.001 | 0.71 | 0.58 to 0.88 | 0.002 |
| Jul–Aug | 0.67 | 0.57 to 0.78 | <0.001 | 0.78 | 0.65 to 0.94 | 0.009 |
| Sep–Oct | 0.71 | 0.61 to 0.84 | <0.001 | 0.81 | 0.67 to 0.99 | 0.037 |
| Nov–Dec | 0.72 | 0.63 to 0.82 | <0.001 | 0.86 | 0.73 to 1.01 | 0.067 |
| Jan–Feb | 0.58 | 0.51 to 0.68 | <0.001 | 0.71 | 0.60 to 0.85 | <0.001 |
| Race | ||||||
| White | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Black or African American | 0.95 | 0.86 to 1.04 | 0.3 | 1.07 | 0.96 to 1.19 | 0.2 |
| Other | 1.33 | 1.16 to 1.52 | <0.001 | 1.36 | 1.16 to 1.60 | <0.001 |
| Age (standardised) | 1.88 | 1.78 to 1.99 | <0.001 | 1.8 | 1.69 to 1.91 | <0.001 |
| Sex | ||||||
| Female | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Male | 1.27 | 1.19 to 1.36 | <0.001 | 1.27 | 1.17 to 1.38 | <0.001 |
| Insurance | ||||||
| Commercial | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Medicaid | 1.13 | 0.96 to 1.32 | 0.2 | 1.14 | 0.95 to 1.37 | 0.14 |
| Medicare | 1.17 | 1.05 to 1.29 | 0.003 | 1.24 | 1.10 to 1.39 | <0.001 |
| Other | 1.06 | 0.82 to 1.35 | 0.7 | 1.08 | 0.82 to 1.43 | 0.6 |
| Comorbidity | ||||||
| Obesity | 1.92 | 1.78 to 2.08 | <0.001 | 1.76 | 1.60 to 1.93 | <0.001 |
| Asthma | 0.75 | 0.65 to 0.87 | <0.001 | 0.63 | 0.54 to 0.74 | <0.001 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 0.87 | 0.80 to 0.95 | 0.002 | 0.67 | 0.61 to 0.74 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | 1.47 | 1.37 to 1.58 | <0.001 | 1.37 | 1.26 to 1.49 | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 0.93 | 0.85 to 1.02 | 0.1 | 0.96 | 0.87 to 1.07 | 0.5 |
| Heart failure | 0.58 | 0.52 to 0.64 | <0.001 | 0.58 | 0.52 to 0.65 | <0.001 |
| Chronic ischaemic heart disease | 1.13 | 1.04 to 1.22 | 0.003 | 1.09 | 0.99 to 1.20 | 0.077 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 0.87 | 0.79 to 0.95 | 0.002 | 0.97 | 0.87 to 1.08 | 0.5 |
| Liver disease | 1.73 | 1.54 to 1.95 | <0.001 | 1.74 | 1.51 to 2.00 | <0.001 |
| Neoplasms | 0.69 | 0.60 to 0.78 | <0.001 | 0.78 | 0.66 to 0.91 | 0.002 |
| Transplant | 1.31 | 0.90 to 1.90 | 0.2 | 1.41 | 0.91 to 2.18 | 0.12 |
| Elixhauser comorbidity index (standardised) | 2.4 | 2.30 to 2.50 | <0.001 | 2.06 | 1.95 to 2.17 | <0.001 |
| Social vulnerability index | ||||||
| Low | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Mid-low | 0.97 | 0.85 to 1.11 | 0.7 | 0.93 | 0.79 to 1.09 | 0.4 |
| Mid-high | 0.92 | 0.80 to 1.05 | 0.2 | 0.87 | 0.74 to 1.02 | 0.087 |
| High | 1.1 | 0.96 to 1.27 | 0.2 | 1.03 | 0.87 to 1.21 | 0.8 |
| Vital signs | ||||||
| Respiratory rate ≥24 breaths/min | 2.17 | 2.02 to 2.34 | <0.001 | 1.59 | 1.46 to 1.73 | <0.001 |
| Oxygen saturation <94% | 1.8 | 1.68 to 1.93 | <0.001 | 1.55 | 1.43 to 1.68 | <0.001 |
| Temperature ≥38°C | 1.07 | 0.97 to 1.18 | 0.2 | 1.11 | 0.99 to 1.24 | 0.068 |
| COVID-19 hospital prevalence | ||||||
| Low (<10%) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Mid (10%–25%) | 1.25 | 1.13 to 1.38 | <0.001 | 1.32 | 1.18 to 1.49 | <0.001 |
| High (>25%) | 1.41 | 1.23 to 1.61 | <0.001 | 1.53 | 1.30 to 1.80 | <0.001 |
| Hospital census comparison with 2019 | ||||||
| Equal (>−10% to <10%) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Less (<−10%) | 0.98 | 0.86 to 1.12 | 0.8 | 0.97 | 0.83 to 1.14 | 0.7 |
| More (>10%) | 1.01 | 0.91 to 1.12 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 0.97 to 1.25 | 0.12 |
ICU, intensive care unit.