Table 1.
Descriptive and bivariate results.
| Full sample (N = 362) |
Subsample: Household income ≤ 30,000 (N = 106) |
Subsample: Household income > 30,000 (N = 256) |
χ 2 /t-test | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | %/Mean (SD) | N | %/Mean (SD) | N | %/Mean (SD) | ||
| Key variables | |||||||
| Child neglect risk | 362 | 8.05 (19.39) | 106 | 5.76 (14.38) | 256 | 8.99 (21.08) | −1.44 |
| Material hardship | 362 | 1.62 (1.82) | 106 | 1.58 (1.85) | 256 | 1.63 (1.81) | −0.27 |
| Mortgage/rent hardship | |||||||
| Yes | 102 | 28.18% | 32 | 30.19% | 70 | 27.34% | 0.30 |
| No | 260 | 71.0.82% | 74 | 69.81% | 186 | 72.66% | |
| Gas/electricity shut off | |||||||
| Yes | 64 | 17.68% | 19 | 17.92% | 45 | 17.58% | 0.01 |
| No | 298 | 82.32% | 87 | 82.08% | 211 | 82.42% | |
| Disconnected telephone services | |||||||
| Yes | 73 | 20.17% | 18 | 16.98% | 55 | 21.48% | 0.94 |
| No | 289 | 79.83% | 88 | 83.02% | 201 | 78.52% | |
| Disconnected internet services | |||||||
| Yes | 78 | 21.55% | 26 | 24.53% | 52 | 20.31% | 0.79 |
| No | 284 | 78.45% | 80 | 75.47% | 204 | 79.69% | |
| Medical hardship | |||||||
| Yes | 131 | 36.19% | 35 | 33.02% | 96 | 37.50% | 0.65 |
| No | 231 | 63.81% | 71 | 66.98% | 160 | 62.50% | |
| Food insecurity | |||||||
| Yes | 75 | 20.72% | 23 | 21.70% | 52 | 20.31% | 0.09 |
| No | 287 | 79.28% | 83 | 78.30% | 204 | 79.69% | |
| Housing instability | |||||||
| Yes | 62 | 17.13% | 14 | 13.21% | 48 | 18.75% | 1.62 |
| No | 300 | 82.87% | 92 | 86.79% | 208 | 81.25% | |
| A combination of all financial assistance | 361 | ||||||
| Yes | 245 | 67.87% | 88 | 83.81% | 157 | 61.33% | 17.26⁎⁎⁎ |
| No | 116 | 32.13% | 17 | 16.19% | 99 | 38.67% | |
| Foster care payment | |||||||
| Yes | 77 | 21.33% | 25 | 23.81% | 52 | 20.31% | 0.54 |
| No | 284 | 78.67% | 80 | 76.19% | 204 | 76.69% | |
| Kinship guardianship | |||||||
| Yes | 82 | 22.65% | 23 | 21.70% | 59 | 23.05% | 0.08 |
| No | 280 | 77.35% | 83 | 78.30% | 197 | 76.95% | |
| TANF | |||||||
| Yes | 116 | 32.04% | 38 | 35.85% | 78 | 30.47% | 1.00 |
| No | 246 | 67.96% | 68 | 64.15% | 178 | 69.53% | |
| SNAP | |||||||
| Yes | 161 | 44.48% | 68 | 64.15% | 93 | 36.33% | 23.50⁎⁎⁎ |
| No | 201 | 55.52% | 38 | 35.85% | 163 | 63.67% | |
| Unemployment insurance | |||||||
| Yes | 88 | 24.38% | 25 | 23.58% | 63 | 24.71% | 0.05 |
| No | 273 | 75.62% | 81 | 76.42% | 192 | 75.29% | |
| Covariates | |||||||
| Trigger event | 11.85 | ||||||
| Child abuse and neglect | 26 | 7.18% | 8 | 7.55% | 18 | 7.03% | |
| Parental incarceration | 18 | 4.97% | 7 | 6.60% | 11 | 4.30% | |
| Parental mental illness | 29 | 8.01% | 12 | 11.32% | 17 | 6.64% | |
| Parental death | 34 | 9.39% | 14 | 13.21% | 20 | 7.81% | |
| Parental substance abuse | 62 | 17.13% | 12 | 11.32% | 50 | 19.53% | |
| Parental intimate partner violence | 20 | 5.52% | 4 | 3.77% | 16 | 6.25% | |
| Parental economic needs | 122 | 33.70% | 30 | 28.30% | 92 | 35.94% | |
| Other | 51 | 14.09% | 19 | 17.92% | 32 | 12.50% | |
| Grandparent race | 2.04 | ||||||
| White, non-Hispanic | 246 | 68.72% | 69 | 65.09% | 177 | 70.24% | |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 34 | 9.50% | 12 | 11.32% | 22 | 8.73% | |
| Hispanic | 72 | 20.11% | 22 | 20.75% | 50 | 19.84% | |
| Other | 6 | 1.68% | 3 | 2.83% | 3 | 1.19% | |
| Grandparent gender | 2.65 | ||||||
| Male | 136 | 37.57% | 33 | 103 | |||
| Female | 226 | 62.43% | 73 | 153 | |||
| Grandparent age | 362 | 56.5 (7.75) | 106 | 56.92 (7.43) | 256 | 56.33 (7.88) | 0.66 |
| Grandparent marital status | 35.69⁎⁎⁎ | ||||||
| Married | 252 | 69.61% | 50 | 47.17% | 202 | 78.91% | |
| Other | 110 | 30.39% | 56 | 52.83% | 54 | 21.09% | |
| Grandparent household income | |||||||
| ≤$ 30,000 | 103 | 29.28% | – | – | – | – | – |
| >$ 30,000 | 256 | 70.72% | – | – | – | – | – |
| Grandparent education | |||||||
| Below college | 218 | 60.22% | 81 | 76.42% | 137 | 53.52% | 16.41⁎⁎⁎ |
| College and above | 144 | 39.78% | 25 | 23.58% | 119 | 46.48% | |
| Grandparent physical health | 361 | 3.48 (1.01) | 105 | 3.23 (1.17) | 256 | 3.58 (1.02) | −2.86⁎⁎ |
| Number of children in the household | |||||||
| One child | 64 | 17.68% | 55 | 51.89% | 136 | 53.13% | 0.05 |
| More than one child | 298 | 82.32% | 51 | 48.11% | 120 | 46.88% | |
| Years of care | |||||||
| One year or less than one year | 77 | 19.15% | 22 | 20.75% | 42 | 16.41% | 0.97 |
| More than one year | 325 | 80.85% | 84 | 79.25% | 214 | 83.59% | |
| Licensed kinship caregivers | |||||||
| Yes | 143 | 39.61% | 41 | 38.68% | 102 | 40.00% | 0.05 |
| No | 218 | 60.39% | 65 | 61.32% | 153 | 60.00% | |
| Labor force status | |||||||
| Work | 240 | 66.30% | 51 | 49.04% | 189 | 75% | 22.59⁎⁎⁎ |
| Don't work | 122 | 33.70% | 53 | 50.96% | 63 | 25% | |
| Parenting stress | 362 | 2.30 (0.82) | 106 | 2.28 (0.86) | 256 | 2.30 (0.82) | −0.21 |
| Mental health | 362 | 3.97 (1.01) | 106 | 3.97 (1.00) | 256 | 3.97 (1.01) | 0.05 |
| Social support | |||||||
| High | 130 | 35.91% | 38 | 35.85% | 92 | 35.94% | 0.01 |
| Low | 232 | 64.09% | 68 | 64.15% | 164 | 64.06% | |
| Child age | 358 | 9.53 (4.68) | 105 | 9.47 (4.54) | 253 | 9.55 (4.74) | −0.16 |
| Child gender | 5.10⁎ | ||||||
| Male | 195 | 54.02% | 67 | 63.21% | 128 | 50.20% | |
| Female | 166 | 45.98% | 39 | 36.79% | 127 | 49.80% | |
| Child physical health | 362 | 4.45 (0.74) | 106 | 4.30 (0.83) | 256 | 4.51 (0.70) | −2.46⁎ |
| Child mental health | 362 | 4.25 (0.96) | 106 | 4.10 (1.15) | 256 | 4.31 (0.86) | −1.86 |
⁎
p < 0.05.
⁎⁎
p < 0.01.
⁎⁎⁎
p < 0.001.