Table 2.
Negative binomial regression results.
| Full sample (N = 362) |
Subsample: Household income ≤ 30,000 (N = 106) |
Subsample: Household income > 30,000 (N = 256) |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1: A combination of financial assistance |
Model 2: Financial assistance as a moderator |
Model 3: Different types of financial assistance |
Model 4: SNAP as a moderator |
Model 5: A combination of financial assistance |
Model 6: Financial assistance as a moderator |
Model 7: Different types of financial assistance |
Model 8: A combination of financial assistance |
Model 9: Financial assistance as a moderator |
Model 10: Different types of financial assistance |
|
| b | b | b | b | b | b | b | b | b | b | |
| Key variables | ||||||||||
| Material hardship | 0.31⁎⁎ | 0.91⁎ | 0.31⁎ | 0.53⁎⁎ | 0.12 | 1.79⁎ | 0.70⁎⁎⁎ | 0.33⁎ | 0.99⁎⁎ | 0.43⁎ |
| A combination of all financial assistance | −0.88⁎ | −0.36 | – | – | −1.07 | −0.28 | – | −1.31⁎ | −0.63 | – |
| Foster care payment | – | – | −0.49 | −0.73 | – | – | −2.66⁎⁎⁎ | – | – | −0.23 |
| Kinship guardianship | – | – | −0.48 | −0.39 | – | – | −0.27 | – | – | −0.90 |
| TANF | – | – | 0.64 | 0.53 | – | – | 2.73⁎⁎⁎ | – | – | −0.10 |
| SNAP | – | – | −0.77⁎ | 0.10 | – | – | −1.53⁎⁎⁎ | – | – | −0.89⁎ |
| Unemployment insurance | – | – | 0.28 | 0.41 | – | – | 0.55⁎ | – | – | −0.26 |
| Material hardship × Financial assistance | −0.72⁎ | – | – | – | −1.70⁎ | – | – | −0.81⁎ | – | |
| Material hardship × SNAP | – | – | – | −0.42⁎ | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Control variables | ||||||||||
| Trigger event (Ref. child maltreatment) | ||||||||||
| Parental incarceration | −1.88⁎ | −2.19⁎⁎ | −2.22⁎ | −2.28⁎ | −2.23 | −1.42 | −3.51⁎⁎⁎ | −3.75⁎⁎ | −3.93⁎⁎ | −3.34⁎⁎ |
| Parental mental illness | −2.04⁎⁎ | −2.15⁎⁎ | −2.02⁎⁎ | −2.28⁎⁎ | −1.55 | −0.78 | −1.21 | −1.43 | −1.71 | −0.48 |
| Parental death | −1.11 | −1.23 | −0.80 | −1.06 | −3.19⁎ | −2.28 | −1.36 | −0.51 | −0.90 | −0.25 |
| Parental substance abuse | −2.15⁎⁎ | −2.23⁎⁎⁎ | −2.40⁎⁎⁎ | −2.39⁎⁎⁎ | −3.48⁎⁎ | −2.24⁎ | −3.37⁎⁎⁎ | −2.21⁎⁎ | −2.57⁎⁎ | −2.11⁎⁎ |
| Parental intimate partner violence | −2.35⁎⁎ | −2.44⁎⁎ | −2.18⁎⁎ | −2.08⁎⁎ | −0.64 | 0.53 | 0.79 | −2.77⁎⁎ | −3.06⁎⁎ | −2.33⁎ |
| Parental economic needs | −1.24⁎ | −1.58⁎⁎ | −0.97 | −0.97 | −0.60 | 0.02 | −0.51 | −1.30 | −1.90⁎ | −0.86 |
| Other | −1.87⁎ | −1.88⁎⁎ | −1.56⁎ | −1.56⁎ | −1.53 | −0.98 | −1.43 | −2.36⁎ | −2.52⁎⁎ | −1.95⁎ |
| Grandparent race/ethnicity (ref. White, non-Hispanic) | ||||||||||
| Black, non-Hispanic | 0.29 | 0.48 | −0.01 | −0.43 | −17.53 | −18.89 | −25.98 | 0.98 | 1.27 | 0.33 |
| Hispanic | −0.13 | 0.08 | −0.09 | 0.02 | −0.44 | −0.16 | −1.35⁎⁎⁎ | −0.21 | −0.05 | −0.33 |
| Other | 0.80 | −0.69 | −0.30 | −0.13 | 1.25 | 1.64 | 4.56⁎⁎⁎ | −21.14 | −20.16 | −17.31 |
| Grandparent gender: Female (Ref. Male) | −0.12 | −0.12 | 0.05 | −0.08 | −1.42 | −1.08 | 0.43 | −0.13 | −0.08 | 0.01 |
| Grandparent age | −0.02 | −0.03 | −0.01 | −0.01 | 0.01 | −0.01 | 0.02 | −0.02 | −0.03 | −0.24 |
| Grandparent marital status (Ref. Married) | −0.11 | −0.08 | 1.21 | 0.09 | −0.58 | −1.22 | −1.23⁎ | −0.12 | −0.07 | −0.24 |
| Grandparent household income in 2019 > 30,000 (Ref. ≤30,000) | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.42 | 0.39 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Grandparent education: Below college (ref. College and above) | −0.44 | −0.19 | −0.56 | −0.66 | 1.25 | 1.40⁎ | 0.18 | −0.51 | −0.29 | −0.57 |
| Grandparent physical health | 0.03 | 0.13 | −0.01 | 0.06 | −0.38 | −0.38 | −0.44⁎ | 0.19 | 0.25 | 0.21 |
| Number of children in the household: More than one child (ref. One child) | −0.35 | −0.31 | −0.36 | −0.39 | 0.49 | 0.58 | 0.47 | −0.83 | −0.80 | −0.72 |
| Years of care: More than one year (ref. ≤1 year) | −0.02 | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.59 | 0.81 | 0.58 | 0.27 | 0.31 | 0.24 |
| Licensed kinship caregivers | 2.04⁎⁎⁎ | 2.25⁎⁎⁎ | 1.95⁎⁎⁎ | 2.08⁎⁎⁎ | 3.13⁎⁎⁎ | 3.13⁎⁎⁎ | 3.36⁎⁎⁎ | 1.62⁎⁎ | 1.98⁎⁎⁎ | 1.90⁎⁎ |
| Labor force status (ref. don't work) | −0.21 | −0.27 | −0.39 | −0.44 | 0.05 | −0.10 | −1.72⁎⁎ | 0.08 | −0.11 | 0.07 |
| Parenting stress | 0.94⁎⁎⁎ | 0.94⁎⁎⁎ | 1.16⁎⁎⁎ | 1.26⁎⁎⁎ | 1.01⁎ | 0.87⁎ | 1.67⁎⁎⁎ | 0.88⁎⁎ | −0.82 | 1.09⁎⁎⁎ |
| Mental health | −0.48⁎ | −0.41 | −0.46⁎ | −0.52⁎ | 0.06 | 0.40 | 0.03 | −0.96⁎⁎ | 0.91⁎⁎ | −0.95⁎⁎ |
| Social support: High (ref. low) | −0.99⁎⁎ | −1.04⁎⁎ | −0.87⁎ | −0.64 | −2.14⁎⁎ | −2.20⁎⁎⁎ | −1.80⁎⁎⁎ | −0.79 | −0.89⁎⁎ | −0.57 |
| Child age | −0.12⁎⁎ | −0.12⁎⁎ | −0.13⁎⁎ | −0.12⁎⁎ | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.03 | −0.17⁎⁎ | −0.17⁎⁎ | −0.17⁎⁎ |
| Child gender (ref. Male) | 0.14 | 0.07 | 0.25 | 0.35 | 0.84 | 0.58 | 0.11 | −0.38 | −0.42 | −0.48 |
| Child physical health | 0.05 | 0.16 | 0.09 | 0.15 | −0.31 | −0.27 | −0.53⁎ | −0.21 | −0.08 | −0.20 |
| Child mental health | 0.02 | −0.05 | 0.05 | −0.01 | −0.05 | −0.07 | 0.05 | 0.06 | −0.01 | −0.10 |
b = unstandardized coefficients; interactions between each type of financial assistance and material hardship were not significant in two subsamples (Household income ≤ 30,000 and Household income > 30,000); thus, results were not reported.
⁎
p < 0.05.
⁎⁎
p < 0.01.
⁎⁎⁎
p < 0.001.