Fig. 1.

Biosynthesis of CoA in S. cerevisiae, metabolic pathways requiring acetyl-CoA and applications of acetyl-CoA in molecular biotechnology. Acetyl-CoA as a substrate of the glyoxylate cycle essential for utilization of C₂-substrates (e.g., ethanol) is not shown. Abbreviations of cellular compartments: ER, endoplasmic reticulum; MIT, mitochondria; NUC, nucleus; PM, plasma membrane. Enzymes of CoA biosynthesis: PanS, pantothenate synthase; PanK, pantothenate kinase; PPCS, 4′-phosphopantothenoylcysteine synthetase; PPCDC, 4′-phosphopantothenoylcysteine decarboxylase; PPAT, 4′-phosphopantetheine adenylyltransferase; DPCK, dephospho-CoA kinase