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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Oct 7.
Published in final edited form as: Environ Res. 2021 Jun 22;201:111547. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111547

Figure 3. Shapes of the associations of green space with incident non-spinal fracture.

Figure 3.

Restricted cubic spline models were used to estimate the associations of green space with incident non-spinal fracture in the Cox proportional hazards models, adjusted for baseline age, sex, marital status, education level, socioeconomic status, alcohol drinking, smoking, body mass index, physical activity, calcium supplement, number of chronic diseases, previous history of fracture, family history of fracture, and whole body bone mineral density. None of the associations showed significant nonlinearity (P-nonlinearity >0.05). In addition, to make the dose-response association comparable with the quartile (Q) results, we also plotted the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of incident fracture across Q2 to Q4 of green space (compared with Q1, location of each plot corresponds to the median levels within each quartile).