Table 2.
Associations of green space with annual change in bone mineral density (mg/cm3) over 14 years (case=3944; observation=11394) a
| Model | Quartiles (Q) of green space | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | ||
| 300-m buffer | |||||
| Whole body | Model 1 b | Reference | 8.83 (1.72, 15.9) * | 2.31 (−4.85, 9.48) | 5.35 (−1.74, 12.4) |
| Model 2 c | Reference | 5.41 (0.50, 10.3) * | 2.18 (−2.74, 7.09) | 5.58 (0.66, 10.5) * | |
| Lumbar spine | Model 1 b | Reference | −15.9 (−24.5, −7.21) *** | −17.6 (−26.3, −8.90) *** | −18.7 (−27.4, −10.1) *** |
| Model 2 c | Reference | −6.42 (−12.3, −0.59) * | −7.78 (−13.6, −1.97) ** | −7.83 (−13.7, −2.00) ** | |
| Total hip | Model 1 b | Reference | 2.26 (−2.60, 7.12) | −6.79 (−11.7, −1.89) ** | −1.09 (−5.94, 3.76) |
| Model 2 c | Reference | 1.45 (−2.23, 5.13) | −3.06 (−6.74, 0.62) | 0.70 (−2.98, 4.39) | |
| Femoral neck | Model 1 b | Reference | 3.17 (−2.22, 8.57) | −6.00 (−11.4, −0.57) * | −3.02 (−8.41, 2.36) |
| Model 2 c | Reference | 1.54 (−2.29, 5.37) | −1.56 (−5.38, 2.26) | −1.87 (−5.70, 1.96) | |
| 500-m buffer | |||||
| Whole body | Model 1 b | Reference | −1.38 (−8.55, 5.79) | 0.05 (−7.00, 7.09) | 0.27 (−6.89, 7.44) |
| Model 2 c | Reference | −0.95 (−5.90, 4.01) | 0.82 (−4.04, 5.68) | 2.88 (−2.08, 7.84) | |
| Lumbar spine | Model 1 b | Reference | −13.6 (−22.3, −4.90) ** | −20.6 (−29.2, −12.1) *** | −21.1 (−29.8, −12.4) *** |
| Model 2 c | Reference | −4.00 (−9.89, 1.88) | −7.30 (−13.1, −1.54) * | −9.09 (−15.0, −3.21) ** | |
| Total hip | Model 1 b | Reference | −5.30 (−10.2, −0.41) * | −6.38 (−11.2, −1.57) ** | −6.25 (−11.2, −1.36) * |
| Model 2 c | Reference | −0.13 (−3.84, 3.58) | −2.01 (−5.65, 1.63) | −1.20 (−4.91, 2.51) | |
| Femoral neck | Model 1 b | Reference | −3.48 (−8.92, 1.95) | −4.43 (−9.77, 0.92) | −6.98 (−12.4, −1.55) * |
| Model 2 c | Reference | 0.40 (−3.45, 4.25) | −1.86 (−5.64, 1.92) | −3.06 (−6.91, 0.80) | |
a
Linear mixed-effects models were used to estimate β (95% confidence interval) of change in bone mineral density across Q2 to Q4 compared with Q1.
b
Model 1: included age, green space (quartiles), and their interaction term, and adjusted for sex, marital status, education level, socioeconomic status, alcohol drinking, smoking, body mass index, physical activity, calcium supplement, number of chronic diseases, and any incident fracture.
c
Model 2: model 1 plus baseline bone mineral density (whole body, lumbar spine, total hip, and femoral neck, respectively).
*
P-value<0.05
**
P-value <0.01
***
P-value <0.001