Figure 4.

DSF boosts IR-induced DNA damage in PANC-1 and SW1990 cells. PANC-1 and SW1990 cells were pretreated with or without 15 μM DSF, DSF (15 μM)/Cu²⁺ (1 μM) and 4 Gy X-rays. The cells were collected at different time points (0, 0.5, 8, 24 h) after 4 Gy X-ray exposure, and a comet assay was used for the DNA double-strand break (DSB) analysis. For each treatment, cells were randomly chosen and photographed under a confocal microscope. (A, C) DNA fragments are shown as comet images. (B, D) The extent of DSBs in each treatment group was analyzed using the Comet Assay Software Project (CASP), which is presented as the tail DNA%. Data were obtained from 3 independent experiments, and statistical analyses were performed using one-way ANOVA. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, compared with the control group.