Table 1.
Summary of the effects of plant extracts on gut microbiota, obesity and its related metabolic disorder.
| Plant extracts | Experimental model and subjects | Plant extract treatment | Microbiota effects | Association | Response | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FML | HFD-induced obese mice | FML (240 mg/kg/day) via oral gavage for 6 weeks | Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio ↓; Clostridiales ↑ | Acetic acid production ↑ | Lipid accumulation, liver steatosis and the whitening of BAT ↓ | (28) |
| Mulberry leaves | HFD-induced obese mice | Mulberry leaves (20%) for 13 weeks | Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and Proteobacteria ↓; Akkermansia ↑ | SCFAs production ↑ | Body weight gain, fat accumulation and fasting blood glucose ↓; insulin sensitivity ↑ | (33) |
| CM | HFD-induced obese mice | CM (0.4 g crude drug/kg) for 6 weeks | Bacteroides and Akkermansia ↑; Mucispirillum ↓ | Microbiota-blood metabolites-liver axis | Adiposis and insulin resistance ↓; glucose uptake ↑ | (70) |
| Paeonol | Alcohol-induced ALD mice | Paeonol (480 mg/kg) for 11 days | Candida albicans ↓ | mycobiota-mediated dectin-1/IL-1β signaling pathway ↓ | ALD inflammatory response and liver fat lesions ↓ | (71) |
| Green tea infusions | HFD-induced obese C57BL/6J mice | Green tea infusions as drinking water for 13 weeks | Alistipes, Rikenella, Lachnospiraceae, Akkermansia, Bacteroides, Allobaculum and Parabacteroides ↑ | SCFAs, gastrointestinal immunity and gut barrier function ↑ | Body weight gain, adipose tissue accumulation, hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and hypercholesterolemia ↓ | (82) |
| GTE | HFD-induced obese Swiss albino mice | GTE (200 mg/kg) combined with isomalto-oligosaccharide (1 g/kg) for 12 weeks | Lactobacillus, Bifidobacteria, Akkermansia and Roseburia spp. ↑ | Metabolic endotoxemia ↓ | Adiposis, lipid accumulation in liver and fasting blood glucose ↓ | (83) |
| GTE | HFD-induced obese C57BL/6J mice | GTE (2%) for 8 weeks | Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio ↓; Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus ↑ | Gut barrier function ↑; endotoxin translocation ↓ | Adiposis and its related inflammatory response ↓ | (84) |
| Green tea water extracts | HFD-induced obese C57BL/6J mice | Green tea water extracts (1%) for 28 weeks | Family Rikenellaceae and Desulfovibrionaceae ↓ | SCFAs production ↑; endotoxin LPS production ↓ | Glucose tolerance ↑; body weight gain, hepatic lipids, and WAT weights ↓ | (85) |
| Green tea polyphenols | HFD-induced obese C57BL/6 mice | Green tea polyphenols (200 mg/kg) for 12 weeks | Lachnospiraceae, Bacteroides, Alistipes, and Faecalibaculum ↑ | the maintaining of intestinal redox state ↑ | Lipid metabolism ↑; hyperlipidemia and inflammation ↓ | (86) |
| RES | HFD-induced obese C57BL/6J mice | RES by gavage (300 mg/kg/day) for 16 weeks | Desulfovibrio, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A316_group and Alistipes ↓; Allobaculum, Bacteroides and Blautia ↑ | Gut intestinal barrier integrity and intestinal redox state ↑ | Body weight, liver steatosis and NAFLD ↓; lipid metabolism and insulin resistance ↑ | (93, 100, 103) |
| RES | HFD-induced obese mice | RES (200 mg/kg/day) for 12 weeks | Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium ↑; Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and Enterococcus faecalis ↓ | Fiaf signaling pathway ↑ | Body and visceral weights, blood glucose, and lipid levels ↓ | (104) |
| RES | HFD-induced obese C57BL/6J mice | RES (0.4%) for 4 weeks | Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium↑; Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and Proteobacteria ↓ | Sirtuin-1 signaling pathway ↑ | Fat accumulation ↓; WAT browning ↑ | (105) |
| RES | HFHS-induced obese C57Bl/6N mice | RES (0.4%) for 8 weeks | Turicibacteraceae, Moryella, Lachnospiraceae, and Akkermansia ↓; Bacteroides and Parabacteroides ↑ | Inflammatory state ↓ | Glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity ↑ | (108) |
| GSPE | HFD-induced obese C57BL/6 mice | GSPE by gavage (300 mg/kg/day) for 7 weeks | Clostridium XIVa, Roseburia, and Prevotella ↑ | Inflammatory response ↓ | Insulin sensitivity ↑; visceral fat accumulation and adiposity ↓ | (110) |
| GSPE | Weaned pigs at day 28 | GSPE (250 mg/kg) for 28 days | Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio↓; Akkermansia, Alistipes and Bacteroides ↑ | Propionate production ↑ | Adipose accumulation and inflammation ↓; lipid metabolism ↑ | (117) |
| HON | HFD-induced obese C57BL/6 mice | HON (200, 400, 800 mg/kg) for 8 weeks | Akkermansia and Bacteroides ↑; Oscillospira↓ | SCFAs production ↑; endotoxin LPS production ↓ | Body weight, adipose tissue weight, insulin resistance and blood lipid ↓ | (130) |
| CAP | HFD-induced obese C57BL/6J mice | CAP (2 mg/kg) for 12 weeks | Bacteroides, Coprococcus, Prevotella and Akkermansia ↑; Proteobacteria spp. ↓ | SCFAs production ↑; inflammatory response ↓ | Body weight gain and food intake ↓; lipid profile ↑ | (144) |
| CAP | HFD-induced obese C57BL/6J mice | CAP (0.01%) for 12 weeks | Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae (including Roseburia spp.) ↑; family S24_7 ↓ | Butyrate production ↑; endotoxin LPS production ↓ | Chronic low-grade inflammation, body weight gain and adiposity ↓ | (151) |
| CAP | HFD-induced obese C57BL/6 mice | CAP (0.01%) for 9 weeks | Proteobacteria ↓; Akkermansia muciniphila ↑ | Intestinal mucin degradation ↑ | Body weight ↓; glucose tolerance and glucose homeostasis ↑ | (152) |
| KGM | HFD-induced obese C57BL/6J mice | KGM (4%) combined with bacterial cellulose (4%) for 16 weeks | Firmicutes and Mucispirillum ↓; Bacteroidetes and Akkermansia ↑ | SCFAs production and intestinal integrity ↑ | Glucose homeostasis, fatty acid profiles and lipid metabolism ↑; body weight ↓ | (161) |
| Konjaku flour | HFD-induced obese C57BL/6J mice | Konjaku flour (300 mg/day) for 12 weeks | Megasphaera elsdenii and Aerococcaceae ↑; Alistipes, Alloprevotella and Bacteroides acidifaciens ↓ | Gut Intestinal barrier function ↑ | Body weight gain, fat mass and inflammatory state ↓ | (166) |
| KGM | streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic rats | KGM (160 mg/kg) for 4 weeks | Clostridium spp., Bacteroides spp., Prevotella spp., Klebsiella spp., Streptococcus spp., and S. aureus ↓ | Bacterial-associated BCAAs ↓; BCAA metabolism ↑ | Type 2 diabetes ↓; lipid and glucose metabolism ↑ | (169) |
| Chlorophyll | HFD-induced obese C57BL/6J mice | Chlorophyll-rich spinach extract (0.18 mg/10 g /day) for 13 weeks | Blautia, norank_f_Bacteroidales_S24-7_group and Akkermansia ↑; Lactobacillus and Lactococcus ↓ | SCFAs production ↑; endotoxin LPS production ↓ | Body weight gain and low-grade inflammation ↓; glucose tolerance ↑ | (174, 175) |
| Chlorophyllin | Carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis BALB/c mice | Chlorophyllin (5 mg/kg) for 6 weeks | Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio ↓ | Plasma endotoxin concentration ↓ | Hepatic inflammation and liver fibrosis ↓ | (179) |
FML, flavonoids from mulberry leaves; HFD, high fat diets; BAT, brown adipose tissue; SCFAs, short chain fatty acids; CM, cortex moutan; ALD, alcoholic liver disease; IL-1β, interleukin-1β; GTE, green tea extract; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; NAFLD; nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; RES, resveratrol; Fiaf, fasting-induced adipose factor; WAT, white adipose tissue; HFHS, high fat/high sugar; GSPE, grape seed proanthocyanidin extract; HON, honokiol; CAP, capsaicin; KGM, konjac glucomannan; BCAAs, branched-chain amino acids; ↑, promotion; ↓, inhibition.