AKT/TSC/mTOR-mediated autophagy is impaired in DDPIN. (A and B) Western blot analysis of p-AKT, AKT, TSC2, TSC1, TBC1D7, p- mTOR, mTOR, Atg5, Beclin-1 and LC3 in the kidneys of DDPIN mice. (C) Representative images showing LC3 staining in the kidneys of DDPIN mice. (D-F) Co-immunofluorescence staining for TSC2 and tubular segment-specific markers in the kidney of DDPIN. The following segment-specific tubular markers were used: proximal tubule, aquaporin-1 (AQP1); distal tubule, calbindin D28k; and collecting duct, aquaporin-3 (AQP3). (G-H) The data analysis of LC3 and TSC2. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 versus control (n=3).