Figure 4.

The relative power of detecting the gene-environment interaction effect δ in nuclear families under different simulation settings. The ESS multiplier ${\gamma }_{\delta }$ is analytically computed (i) for all possible realizations of a binary exposure within a nuclear family with 2 parents and 3 offspring (dots in each panel) and (ii) for different ratios between ${\sigma }_a^2$ and ${\sigma }_{ai}^2$ (three panels). The amount of the trait variance is jointly explained by the random effects ${\sigma }_{ai}^2$ and ${\sigma }_a^2$ is fixed to 50%. The largest two values of the multiplier on the left and middle panels correspond to exposure realizations: exposed offspring/unexposed parents and exposed parents/unexposed offspring.