H3K56 acetylation regulates CUP1 instability and transcription. (A) Transcription dependent and independent CUP1 repeat loss rates in rtt109Δ and hst3Δhst4Δ mutants. Error bars represent standard deviation based on 4 biological replicates. (B) Absolute CUP1 mRNA concentration (×10 copies/ng of total RNA) in rtt109Δ and hst3Δhst4Δ mutants measured by RT-ddPCR. Error bars represent standard deviation based on three technical replicates for cDNA synthesis from the same RNA sample. Fold-change relative to the corresponding wild-type strain is indicated. For (A) and (B), the 6×CUP1 strains and the 17×CUP1 strains were grown in 1 mM CuSO4. Statistical significance was calculated using a standard two-tailed t-test. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001, n. s., not significant. (C) Growth assays showing copper resistance of rtt109Δ and hst3Δhst4Δ mutants.