FIGURE 1.

Calculating energy flux following the adapted food‐web energetics approach (Barnes et al., 2014, 2018). Energy flux along a trophic food chain from resources to highest‐level consumers is calculated with Equation (1) by taking into account metabolic demand by the consumer (X), assimilation efficiency (e _a) and, for non‐top nodes, loss due to consumption by higher trophic levels (L). If calculating energy flux by hand, we would start with the flux between the highest‐level nodes in order to subsequently enable including loss to consumption (L) for all but the top node. Small arrows indicate “loss” due to energy consumption (metabolic demand, X) and efficiency losses due to assimilation efficiency (what is lost is 1−e _a * the flux out of the resource node). Predator node in red, herbivore node in yellow, plant node in green. For icon sources, please refer to acknowledgements